This revised and expanded edition provides a comprehensive overview of comparative Indo-European linguistics and the branches of the Indo-European language family, covering both linguistic and cultural material. Now offering even greater coverage than the first edition, it is the definitive introduction to the field. Updated, corrected, and expanded edition, containing new illustrations of selected texts and inscriptions, and text samples with translations and etymological commentary Extensively covers individual histories of both ancient and modern languages of the Indo-European family Provides an overview of Proto-Indo-European culture, society, and language Designed for use in courses, with exercises and suggestions for further reading included in each chapter Includes maps, a glossary, a bibliography, and comprehensive word and subject indexes

Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations xi Preface xii Preface to the Second Edition xvi Acknowledgments xvii Guide to the Reader xix 1 Introduction: The Comparative Method and the Indo-European Family 1 The Study of Language Relationships and the Comparative Method (§§1.1–12) 1 Indo-European Historical Linguistics (§§1.13–19) 8 Conclusion (§§1.20–22) 14 For Further Reading 15 For Review 16 Exercises 16 2 Proto-Indo-European Culture and Archaeology 18 Introduction (§§2.1–2) 18 Society (§§2.3–16) 19 Religion, Ritual, and Myth (§§2.17–36) 25 Poetics (§§2.37–45) 32 Personal Names (§§2.46–49) 38 Archaeology and the PIE Homeland Question (§§2.50–73) 39 For Further Reading 49 For Review 50 Exercises 50 3 Proto-Indo-European Phonology 53 Introduction (§3.1) 53 Consonants (§§3.2–25) 53 Vowels (§§3.26–32) 66 Phonological Rules (§§3.33–44) 69 For Further Reading 72 For Review 73 Exercises 73 4 Proto-Indo-European Morphology: Introduction 75 The Root and Indo-European Morphophonemics (§4.1) 75 The Root (§§4.2–11) 76 Ablaut (§§4.12–19) 79 Morphological Categories of PIE (§§4.20–24) 83 For Further Reading 85 For Review 85 Exercises 85 5 The Verb 88 The Structure of the PIE Verb (§§5.1–10) 88 Personal Endings (§§5.11–18) 91 The Present Stem (§§5.19–44) 95 The Aorist Stem (§§5.45–50) 101 The Perfect Stem (§§5.51–53) 103 Moods (§§5.54–57) 105 Non-finite Verbal Formations and Other Topics (§§5.58–63) 107 For Further Reading 110 For Review 110 Exercises 110 6 The Noun 113 Introduction (§§6.1–3) 113 Athematic Nouns (§§6.4–42) 114 Thematic Nouns (§§6.43–67) 126 The Collective and the Feminine (§§6.68–71) 131 Adjectives (§§6.72–81) 134 Nominal Composition and Other Topics (§§6.82–87) 136 For Further Reading 137 For Review 138 Exercises 138 7 Pronouns and Other Parts of Speech 140 Pronouns: Introduction (§7.1) 140 Personal Pronouns (§§7.2–8) 140 Other Pronouns and the Pronominal Declension (§§7.9–14) 143 Numerals (§§7.15–22) 145 Adverbs (§§7.23–25) 147 Prepositions and Postpositions (§7.26) 148 Conjunctions and Interjections (§§7.27–30) 149 For Further Reading 150 Exercises 151 8 Proto-Indo-European Syntax 152 Introduction (§§8.1–5) 152 Syntax of the Phrase (§§8.6–11) 154 Syntax of the Clause (§§8.12–30) 156 Phrase and Sentence Prosody and the Interaction of Syntax and Phonology (§§8.31–36) 165 For Further Reading 168 For Review 168 Exercises 169 9 Anatolian 170 Introduction (§§9.1–4) 170 From PIE to Common Anatolian (§§9.5–14) 172 Hittite (§§9.15–44) 174 Luvian (§§9.45–58) 185 Palaic (§§9.59–61) 192 Lycian (§§9.62–70) 193 Lydian (§§9.71–75) 195 Carian, Pisidian, and Sidetic (§9.76) 198 For Further Reading 198 For Review 199 Exercises 199 PIE Vocabulary I: Man, Woman, Kinship 200 10 Indo-Iranian I: Indic 202 Introduction to Indo-Iranian (§§10.1–4) 202 From PIE to Indo-Iranian (§§10.5–19) 203 Indic (Indo-Aryan) (§§10.20–22) 206 Sanskrit (§§10.23–51) 207 Middle Indic (§§10.52–57) 219 Modern (New) Indo-Aryan (§§10.58–63) 221 For Further Reading 223 For Review 224 Exercises 224 PIE Vocabulary II: Animals 226 11 Indo-Iranian II: Iranian 227 Introduction (§§11.1–8) 227 Avestan (§§11.9–27) 228 Old Persian (§§11.28–36) 236 Middle and Modern Iranian (§§11.37–53) 241 For Further Reading 245 For Review 245 Exercises 246 PIE Vocabulary III: Food and Agriculture 247 12 Greek 248 Introduction (§§12.1–8) 248 From PIE to Greek (§§12.9–53) 252 Greek after the Classical Period (§§12.54–57) 263 The Philology of Homer and Its Pitfalls (§§12.58–67) 264 For Further Reading 270 For Review 271 Exercises 271 PIE Vocabulary IV: The Body 273 13 Italic 274 Introduction (§§13.1–5) 274 From PIE to Italic (§§13.6–23) 277 Latino-Faliscan (§13.24) 281 Latin (§§13.25–53) 282 Faliscan (§§13.54–55) 294 Sabellic (Osco-Umbrian) (§§13.56–66) 296 Umbrian (§§13.67–74) 298 South Picene (§§13.75–76) 300 Oscan (§§13.77–80) 302 Other Sabellic Languages (§13.81) 303 For Further Reading 304 For Review 304 Exercises 305 PIE Vocabulary V: Body Functions and States 307 14 Celtic 309 Introduction (§§14.1–3) 309 From PIE to Celtic (§§14.4–11) 310 Continental Celtic (§§14.12–19) 312 Insular Celtic (§§14.20–27) 316 Goidelic: Old Irish and Its Descendants (§§14.28–50) 319 Scottish Gaelic and Manx (§§14.51–52) 327 Brittonic (§§14.53–56) 328 Welsh (§§14.57–61) 329 Breton (§§14.62–68) 331 Cornish (§§14.69–72) 334 For Further Reading 335 For Review 335 Exercises 335 PIE Vocabulary VI: Natural Environment 337 15 Germanic 338 Introduction (§§15.1–4) 338 From PIE to Germanic (§§15.5–35) 339 Runic (§§15.36–39) 348 East Germanic (§15.40) 350 Gothic (§§15.41–48) 353 West Germanic (§§15.49–51) 356 Old English (§§15.52–64) 357 Middle and Modern English (§§15.65–69) 362 Old High German (§§15.70–81) 365 Old Saxon (§§15.82–85) 370 Dutch and Frisian (§§15.86–88) 371 North Germanic: Old Norse and Scandinavian (§§15.89–108) 372 For Further Reading 378 For Review 379 Exercises 379 PIE Vocabulary VII: Position and Motion 381 16 Armenian 382 Introduction (§§16.1–10) 382 From PIE to Classical Armenian (§§16.11–41) 385 Middle and Modern Armenian (§§16.42–47) 393 For Further Reading 397 For Review 397 Exercises 397 PIE Vocabulary VIII: Material Culture and Technology 399 17 Tocharian 400 Introduction (§§17.1–6) 400 From PIE to Tocharian (§§17.7–33) 402 For Further Reading 412 For Review 412 Exercises 412 PIE Vocabulary IX: Form and Size 413 18 Balto-Slavic 414 Introduction (§18.1) 414 From PIE to Balto-Slavic (§§18.2–18) 415 Slavic (§§18.19–39) 419 Old Church Slavonic (§§18.40–42) 426 Modern Slavic Languages (§§18.43–55) 428 Baltic (§§18.56–67) 432 Lithuanian (§§18.68–74) 435 Latvian (§§18.75–76) 439 Old Prussian (§§18.77–79) 440 For Further Reading 442 For Review 443 Exercises 443 PIE Vocabulary X: Time 445 19 Albanian 446 Introduction (§§19.1–5) 446 From PIE to Albanian (§§19.6–29) 448 For Further Reading 456 Exercises 457 PIE Vocabulary XI: Utterance 458 20 Fragmentary Languages 459 Introduction (§§20.1–2) 459 Phrygian (§§20.3–9) 460 Thracian (§§20.10–11) 463 Macedonian (§20.12) 464 Illyrian (§§20.13–15) 464 Venetic (§§20.16–20) 465 Messapic (§§20.21–22) 467 Sicel and Elymian (§20.23) 469 Lusitanian (§20.24) 469 For Further Reading 469 Exercises 470 PIE Vocabulary XII: Basic Physical Acts 471 Glossary 472 Bibliography 477 Subject Index 490 Word Index 510