For courses in Infancy and Early Childhood Development, with a focus on birth to age 3.   Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3 helpsstudents understand the role of infant development research and how they may apply it to their own lives as well as the broader implications upon public policies.  Students are also presented with the relevant historical information in many of the chapters to provide a broader perspective and highlight how far we’ve come in our understanding of the first 3 years of life.  Issues of diversity and multicultural experience are also incorporated, illustrating how nature and nurture work together.  

Table of Contents:
Preface    xi   Chapter 1: Beliefs About Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood                      Why Do We Study Infants?                                     Development as Transformation                                     Impact of Early Experience                                     Research Methods and Tools                                     Interdisciplinary Collaboration                     Recurring Themes in the Study of Child Development                                     The Path of Development: Stages versus Continuous Change                                     Heredity and the Environment                                     Active or Passive Development?                                     Normal and Atypical Development                                     Culture and Context                     Historical Perspectives on Infancy and Early Childhood                                     Historical Studies of Children and Childhood                                     Views of Children                                                     Ancient Greece and Rome                                                 Medieval Europe                                                 The Renaissance                                                 Colonial America                                                 Family Life                                                     Education                     The Development of Child Development                                     G. Stanley Hall                                     James Mark Baldwin                                     John B. Watson                                    Arnold Gesell                                    Child Research Institutes: Research and Dissemination                                 John Bowlby                                  Sharing the Results                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 2:  Research Methods                    Research Settings                                     Naturalistic Studies                                     Laboratory Studies                     Research Designs                                    Case Studies and Single-Subject Research                                     Quasi-Experimental Studies                                    Experimental Studies                     Research Designs for Studying Development                                     Longitudinal Research                                     Cross-Sectional Research                                     Microgenetic Research                     Research Measures                          Behavioral Responses                                     Psychophysiological Measures                                 Measures of Visual Behavior                                 Conditioned Behavior                      Parental Reports                          Archival Research                     Issues in Research with Infants                                     Behavioral State                                     Inference and Interpretation                                     Ethical Concerns                                     Where Do Babies Come From?                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 3:   Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development                    Genetics and the Human Genome                                     Genetics and Disease                                     Genetics and Prenatal Development                     Conception                                     Twins and Other Multiples                                    Sex Chromosome Abnormalities                                     Infertility and Assisted Reproduction                     Prenatal Development                                     The Germinal Stage, Fertilization to 2 Weeks                                     The Embryonic Stage, 2 to 8 Weeks                                    The Fetal Stage, 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks)                                                    Miscarriage                                                 Stillbirth                 Birth Defects                                    Neural Tube Defects                                     Congenital Heart Defects                     Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment                                     Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)                                     Ultrasound                                     Maternal Blood Screening                                     Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)                                     Amniocentesis                                     Fetal Echocardiography                                     Fetal Therapy                     Prenatal Influences                                     Nutrition                                     Alcohol and Drugs                                                     Alcohol                                                 Illicit Drugs                                                 Medication                                                 Nicotine                                                 Caffeine                                 Disease                                                    HIV and Other Infections                                                 Preexisting Chronic Diseases                                                 Rh Disease                                 Stress                                     Environmental Hazards                                     Paternal Influences                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 4:  Birth and the Newborn                     The Birth Process: Stages of Childbirth                                     The First Stage: Contractions, Dilatation, and Effacement                                     The Second Stage: Delivery of the Infant                                     The Third Stage: Placental Expulsion                     Complications of Childbirth                                     Failure to Progress                                     Breech Presentation                                     Preterm Birth                                    Low Birthweight                                     Postdate Birth                                    Twins and Other Multiple Births                     Childbirth Options                                     Medical Interventions                                                     Induction of Labor                                                 Electronic Fetal Monitoring                                                 Pain Relief                                                 Forceps and Vacuum Extraction                                                 Episiotomy                                                 Cesarean Delivery                                 Hospital, Home, or Birth Center?                                                     Birth Attendants and Settings                                                 Hospital Versus Home Birth                                                 Birth Centers                 Neonatal Assessment                                     Assessment at Birth                                     Reflexes                                     Sensory Abilities                                     Adaptations during the Neonatal Period                    Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 5: Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition                     Physical Growth                                     Measuring and Predicting Growth                                     Failure to Thrive                                     Brain Development                                     Maltreatment, the Brain, and Shaken Baby Syndrome                     Health and Safety                                     Newborn Screening                                     Screening for Lead Poisoning                                     Infant Mortality                                     Common Illnesses and Immunizations                                    Accidental Injuries                                     Sudden Infant Death Syndrome                     Nutrition and Feeding                                     Nutritional Requirements in Infancy                                     Breast Milk                                 Infant Formula                                 Nutritional Requirements in Toddlerhood                                 The Problem of Malnutrition                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 6: Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development                     Sensory Abilities and Perceptual Development                                     Theories of Infant Perception                                                     Empiricist Perspectives                                                 Nativist Perspectives                                                 Gestalt Perspectives                                                 Ecological Perspectives                                                 Dynamic Systems Perspectives                                 Vision                                                     Newborn Abilities                                                 Perceiving Objects                                                 Perceiving Depth                                 Hearing                                                     Locating Sounds                                                 Perceiving Sounds                                 Touch                                                     Reflexes                                                 Pain                                 Taste                                                     Innate Preferences                                                 Effects of Experience                                 Smell                                                     Innate Preferences                                                 Effects of Experience                                 Other Senses                                 Intermodal and Cross-Modal Perception                                                     Intermodal Abilities                                                 Cross-Modal Abilities                 Motor Development                                     Reaching, Grasping, and Manipulating: Fine Motor Skills                                  Crawling and Walking: Gross Motor Skills                                     Implications for Parents and Caregivers                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 7: Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence                     The Development of Play                                     Play with Objects                                     Social Play                                     Pretend/Symbolic Play                     Piaget’s Theory: Constructing and Representing Knowledge                                     Sensorimotor and Preoperational Intelligence                                     Object Permanence                                 The A-not-B Error                                 Understanding and Using Representations of Space                 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Learning as a Social Activity                                     The Zone of Proximal Development                                     Guided Participation                     Cognitive Science Perspectives                                    Attention                                     Gaze Following, Joint Attention, and Theory of Mind                                  Memory                                     Categorization                     Defining and Testing Intelligence in Infancy                                     Traditional Tests                                     Information Processing Assessments                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 8: Language and Communication                     Studying Language Development                                     Why Language Matters                                 Systems of Language                                 Theoretical Foundations                 Prelinguistic Communication                                     Receptivity to Language                                     Speech Perception                                     Early Production: Babbling                                     Gestural Communication                     Semantic Development                                     Milestones in the Acquisition of Meaning                                     One-Word Utterances                                     Individual Differences in Language Experience                                     Cultural and Linguistic Influences                                     Explaining Early Word Learning                                                     Social and Pragmatic Cues                                                 Constraints and Principles                                                 Grammatical Cues                                                 Contrasting Semantic Relations                 The Acquisition of Grammar                                     Multiword Utterances                                    Grammatical Morphemes                                     Overregularization                                     Individual Differences in Early Grammar                                     Cross-Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of Grammar                     Atypical Language Development                                     Measuring Language Development                                     Early Language Delay                                     Language and Communication in Children with Autism                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 9: Relationships and Social Development                     Infant-Caregiver Relationships                                    Patterns of Care and Interaction: Beliefs About Infants                                     Cross-Cultural Differences in Mothers’ Involvement                                     Father-Infant Caregiving and Interaction                                     Cross-Cultural Differences in Fathers’ Involvement                     Disturbances in Infant-Caregiver Relationships                                     Postpartum Depression                                     Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect                                    Early Institutionalization and Social Deprivation                     Developing Trust, Becoming Attached                                     Bowlby’s Theory of Infant-Caregiver Attachment                                     Assessing Attachment Relationships                                                     Attachment to Other Caregivers                                                 Infants’ Influence on Attachment                                                 Culture and Attachment                                 Attachment and Subsequent Development                     Sibling Relationships                                     Becoming a Sibling                                     How Siblings Contribute to Development                    Peer Relationships and Friendship                                     Peer Interactions                                     Friendship                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 10: Temperament, Emotions, and the Self                     Temperament                                     Defining and Measuring Temperament                                                     Using Parental Reports                                                 Thomas and Chess’s Model                                                 Rothbart’s Framework                                                 Buss and Plomin’s Approach                                                 Goldsmith’s Model                                 Temperament and Biology                                                     Heart Rate                                                 The Stress-Response System                                                 Reactivity and Inhibition                                 Temperament and Attachment                                     Temperament and Personality                     Emotions                                     Expressing Emotions                                    Perceiving Emotions                                     Communicating with Emotions                                     Regulating Emotions                                     Developing and Using Social Emotions                     The Self                                     Recognizing the Self                                     Evaluating the Self                     Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                     Chapter 11: Building Better Babies: Child Care and Early Intervention                     Child Care                                     Maternal Employment                                     Parental Leave Policies                                                     Policies in the United States                                                 Policies in Other Countries                                 Child Care Arrangements                                     Effects of Child Care: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development                                                     The Sample                                                 Patterns of Child Care Use                                                 Defining Quality Child Care                                                 Effects on the Infant-Parent Relationship                                                 Effects on Social Development                                                 Effects on Language and Cognitive Development                                 Including Children with Disabilities in Child Care                                     Early Intervention                                                     Poverty as a Risk Factor: Implications for Prevention and Intervention                                                     Early Intervention through Child Care and Preschool                                                                     The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project                                                                 The Abecedarian Project and Project CARE                                                                 The Infant Health and Development Project                                                                 The Chicago Longitudinal Study                                                 Early Head Start                                                     Measuring the Impact of Early Childhood Intervention                                                     Pre-Kindergarten and Early Childhood Education                                 Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                                     Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                                    Key Words                     Chapter 12:  Babies of Today and Tomorrow: Music, Media, and Computers                     Music                                     Listening to Music                                                     Music Perception                                                 Singing to Infants                                 Making Music                                                     Learning to Sing                                                 Playing Instruments                                 The Mozart Effect                     Media                                     Television for Infants and Toddlers                                                     Infant Perception of Video Images                                                 Young Children’s Responses to Television                                  Barney & Friends                 Computers                                    Computers in the Home                                     Computers in Early Childhood Classrooms                                     Interactive Books and Toys                                                     Interactive Books                                                 “Smart” Infant Toys                 Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion                    Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion                     Key Words                    Glossary     References     Index     Photo Credits