This book delivers a practical introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine technology. Through a series of case studies, the text outlines the business drivers, specifications, and architecture of the production, installation, and support phases of the IoT. With a focus on wireless networks, the book explores the growth of the IoT, location-based technology, sensor integration, RFID embedded solutions, and power sources. Each chapter offers in-depth knowledge of theory and hardware and provides algorithms and code. Laboratory exercises are included for hands-on learning.
Table of Contents:
Evolution to the Internet of Things (IoT) – Architecture Elements
Telemetry – Remote Monitoring
Rocket and Satellite Monitoring Origins
Telematics – Remote Vehicle Monitoring
Safety and Drive Train Monitoring – e.g., Onstar
Insurance Driver Rating – e.g., Progressive
Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
Remote Building Temperature and Humidity Monitoring
Wireless Security Monitoring
Wireless Network Selection
ISM Frequencies for RFID, WiFi, and Bluetooth
Cellular Physical Layer for SMS, TCP/IP, and UDP/IP Data
Satellite Physical Layer for Orbcomm, Iridium, and Globalstar LEOs
Network Certifications
Embedded Hardware Selection
Microcontroller/Processor
Communications Module
Unique Power Management and Battery Requirements
Sensor Requirements
Location Sensing and Accuracy
GNSS, US GPS, FSU, and GLONASS
Network-Based Location
Time-of-Flight, Base Station RSSI, and BTS LOC
WiFi Access Point Mapping and Accuracy
Sensor Integration
Ports - GPIO, A/D, I2C, SPI, and UART
Temperature Sensor
Humidity
Ultrasonic Sensor Integration
Gas and Electrochemical Sensors
Optical Sensors
Embedded Code
Open-Source Examples
Why Regression Testing Firmware Is a Must
Over-the-Air Code and Device Management Tools
Power Management
Primary and Secondary Battery Selection
Minimization of Power Techniques
Energy Harvesting – Solar, Motion, and Parasitic RF
IoT Case Study – GE Oil and Gas Project
Pipeline Intrusion Detection
Business Case Outlined
Design Requirements
Microphone Sensors Matrix – Sound Location Source
Wireless Network Selection Process – Satellite vs. Cellular, vs. ISM
Temperature and Environmental Specifications
Prototype and Production Lessons Learned
IoT Study – Mobile MRI Management
Superconductive Magnet Temperature Status
Design Process Requirements
Liquid Helium Sensor
Global Satellite Selection Process
Temperature and Environmental Specifications
Prototype and Production Lessons Learned
IoT Case Study – GE Rail
Hazmat Car Location Sensor
Business Case Outlined
Existing RFID-Tagged Car Location Accuracy
RFID Tag Technology
Improved GPS Accuracy Complements RFID Tag
Wireless Network Selection Process – Satellite vs. Cellular, vs. ISM
Temperature and Environmental Specifications
Prototype and Production Lessons Learned
IoT Case Study – Wal-Mart Trailer Tracking
Sense 53’ Trailer Location, Motion, and Cargo
Solar Panel Power Supply
Battery Selection Process
Ultrasonic Cargo Sensor
Wireless Network Selection Process – Satellite vs. Cellular, vs. ISM
Temperature and Environmental Specifications
Production Lessons Learned from Overall Production Scale (~160,000 Assets) and Installation Scale (1,000/week)
IoT Case Study – Miniature Pill Bottle Asset Tracker
Remotely Sense Location and Temperature of Shipped Pharma
Business Case for a Dual Security and Field Quality Control Application
Architecture for an Open Source Pill Bottle Solution
Network Selection
Cellular SMS, TCP/IP, or UDP/IP
GNSS Location Assist and Network Location Techniques
Battery Selection and Power Optimization
Field Test Results
Appendix: Communications Lab Experiments (Optional Hardware and Embedded Learning Applications)
Lab Experiment Requirements
XACT XT-50 GSM, GPS, Accelerometer, and Temp Sensor ARM9 Unit
Raspberry Pi Board with Suitable (2A) Power Supply
Python-Based Lab Software and GIS System on SD Card
A/D and Temperature Sensor
Measure and Plot Battery Voltage vs. Time
Plot the Battery Life Curve while Varying Current (Ibatt)
Measure and Plot Temperature vs. Time
Software Compensate Temperature Sensor, from +-4% to +-0.5% Accuracy using Calibration Tables
Wireless GSM Network RF Levels
Measure and Plot 850 and 1900 Mhz Adjacent Base Station Levels in –dBm and Determine Frequency by Carrier (No SIM Required)
Determine Location, by Adjacent Network BTS and LOC Parameters, and Calculate Location Accuracy and Repeatability
GNSS Satellite Parameters
Stream, Parse, and Store, in a Canonical Form, NMEA-Formatted Data – Values Parsed include Satellite ID, Carrier Level, DOP Errors, Accurate Time, Latitude and Longitude
Monitor and Plot the Carrier Level of Each Satellite
Display 2D/3D Fix and Location on GIS Map
Calculate TTFF and Accuracy (50% CEP, 90% CEP)
Display Dilution of Precision (DOP) Values
Integrated Accelerometer
Display the Position and Display of the X, Y, and Z Axis as a Real-Time Visual Display
Apply a Known Force on the Unit – Note and Calibrate the Peak G-Force Observed on the Display
Remote IoT Sensing on the Wide-Area (Global) Wireless Network
Based upon an Accelerometer Event or Time, Build a Data Packet including Time-of-Date, Date, Location (Latitude and Longitude), Voltage, and Temperature
Send via Applications SMS Text This Packet to an External Web Server (Optional Service or a Remote Open Server)
Send the Data Packet, the Wireless GPRS Service using TCP/IP Layers, This Packet to an External Web Server (Optional Service or a Remote Open Server)
Add Additional Humidity Sensor Hardware Directly to the Raspberry Pi I2C Addressable Port, while Expanding the Data Packet to Accommodate This New Sensor
