Introduction to the Human Body combines exceptional content and outstanding visual, auditory, and interactive presentations for a multimodal and comprehensive learning experience. This digital course gives students the ability to learn and explore anatomy and physiology both inside and outside of the classroom.

Table of Contents:
1 Organization of the Human Body 1 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview 1 1.2 Life Processes 6 1.3 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits 7 1.4 Aging and Homeostasis 10 1.5 Anatomical Terms 10 1.6 Body Cavities 15 Chapter Review 19 Critical Thinking Applications 20 Answers to Figure Questions 20 2 Introductory Chemistry 21 2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 21 2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 28 Chapter Review 38 Critical Thinking Applications 39 Answers to Figure Questions 39 3 Cells 40 3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 40 3.2 The Plasma Membrane 41 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane 43 3.4 Cytoplasm 48 3.5 Nucleus 54 3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 56 3.7 Somatic Cell Division 59 3.8 Cellular Diversity 61 3.9 Aging and Cells 61 Chapter Review 64 Critical Thinking Applications 66 Answers to Figure Questions 66 4 Tissues 67 4.1 Types of Tissues 67 4.2 Epithelial Tissue 68 4.3 Connective Tissue 78 4.4 Membranes 86 4.5 Muscular Tissue 88 4.6 Nervous Tissue 88 4.7 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 88 4.8 Aging and Tissues 89 Chapter Review 90 Critical Thinking Applications 92 Answers to Figure Questions 92 5 The Integumentary System 93 5.1 Skin 93 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 97 5.3 Functions of the Skin 101 5.4 Skin Wound Healing 102 5.5 Aging and the Integumentary System 104 Chapter Review 109 Critical Thinking Applications 110 Answers to Figure Questions 110 6 The Skeletal System 111 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 111 6.2 Types of Bones 112 6.3 Structure of Bone 112 6.4 Bone Formation 116 6.5 Exercise and Bone Tissue 121 6.6 Divisions of the Skeletal System 122 6.7 Skull: An Overview 124 6.8 Unique Features of the Skull 130 6.9 Vertebral Column 132 6.10 Vertebral Regions 134 6.11 Thorax 137 6.12 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 137 6.13 Upper Limb 139 6.14 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 142 6.15 Lower Limb 144 6.16 Comparison of Female and Male Skeletons 148 6.17 Aging and the Skeletal System 149 Chapter Review 153 Critical Thinking Applications 155 Answers to Figure Questions 155 7 Joints 156 7.1 Classification of Joints 156 7.2 Fibrous Joints 157 7.3 Cartilaginous Joints 159 7.4 Synovial Joints 159 7.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 161 7.6 Types of Synovial Joints 164 7.7 The Knee Joint 166 7.8 Aging and Joints 169 Chapter Review 171 Critical Thinking Applications 172 Answers to Figure Questions 172 8 The Muscular System 173 8.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 173 8.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 174 8.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle 178 8.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 183 8.5 Control of Muscle Tension 185 8.6 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 186 8.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 187 8.8 Smooth Muscle Tissue 187 8.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 189 8.10 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 189 8.11 Principal Skeletal Muscles 190 Chapter Review 218 Critical Thinking Applications 220 Answers to Figure Questions 221 9 Nervous Tissue 222 9.1 Overview of the Nervous System 222 9.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 224 9.3 Action Potentials 229 9.4 Synaptic Transmission 233 Chapter Review 236 Critical Thinking Applications 237 Answers to Figure Questions 237 10 Central Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, and Cranial Nerves 238 10.1 Spinal Cord Structure 238 10.2 Spinal Nerves 242 10.3 Spinal Cord Functions 243 10.4 Brain 244 10.5 Cranial Nerves 259 10.6 Aging and the Nervous System 261 Chapter Review 263 Critical Thinking Applications 264 Answers to Figure Questions 264 11 Autonomic Nervous System 265 11.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 265 11.2 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 267 11.3 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 271 Chapter Review 275 Critical Thinking Applications 275 Answers to Figure Questions 275 12 Somatic Senses and Special Senses 276 12.1 Overview of Sensations 276 12.2 Somatic Senses 278 12.3 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 281 12.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 283 12.5 Vision 285 12.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 294 Chapter Review 302 Critical Thinking Applications 303 Answers to Figure Questions 304 13 The Endocrine System 305 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Hormone Action 307 13.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 309 13.4 Thyroid Gland 314 13.5 Parathyroid Glands 316 13.6 Pancreatic Islets 317 13.7 Adrenal Glands 322 13.8 Ovaries and Testes 325 13.9 Pineal Gland 325 13.10 Other Hormones 325 13.11 The Stress Response 326 13.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 327 Chapter Review 330 Critical Thinking Applications 332 Answers to Figure Questions 332 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 333 14.1 Functions of Blood 333 14.2 Components of Whole Blood 334 14.3 Hemostasis 342 14.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 344 Chapter Review 348 Critical Thinking Applications 349 Answers to Figure Questions 349 15 The Cardiovascular System: Heart 350 15.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 350 15.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 357 15.3 Conduction System of the Heart 359 15.4 Electrocardiogram 360 15.5 The Cardiac Cycle 361 15.6 Cardiac Output 362 15.7 Exercise and the Heart 364 Chapter Review 367 Critical Thinking Applications 368 Answers to Figure Questions 368 16 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 369 16.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 369 16.2 Blood Flow through Blood Vessels 374 16.3 Circulatory Routes 377 16.4 Hepatic Portal and Fetal Circulations 396 16.5 Checking Circulation 399 16.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 400 Chapter Review 402 Critical Thinking Applications 404 Answers to Figure Questions 404 17 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 405 17.1 Lymphatic System 406 17.2 Innate Immunity 410 17.3 Adaptive Immunity 413 17.4 Aging and the Immune System 422 Chapter Review 427 Critical Thinking Applications 428 Answers to Figure Questions 428 18 The Respiratory System 429 18.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 429 18.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 430 18.3 Pulmonary Ventilation 438 18.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 441 18.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 444 18.6 Control of Breathing 446 18.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 449 18.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 449 Chapter Review 453 Critical Thinking Applications 454 Answers to Figure Questions 454 19 The Digestive System 455 19.1 Overview of the Digestive System 455 19.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Omentum 457 19.3 Mouth 459 19.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 462 19.5 Stomach 464 19.6 Pancreas 467 19.7 Liver and Gallbladder 468 19.8 Small Intestine 470 19.9 Large Intestine 476 19.10 Phases of Digestion 479 19.11 Aging and the Digestive System 480 Chapter Review 484 Critical Thinking Applications 485 Answers to Figure Questions 486 20 Metabolism and Nutrition 487 20.1 Metabolism 487 20.2 Metabolism and Body Heat 493 20.3 Nutrients 495 Chapter Review 501 Critical Thinking Applications 502 Answers to Figure Questions 502 21 The Urinary System 503 21.1 Overview of the Urinary System 503 21.2 Structure of the Kidneys 505 21.3 Functions of the Nephron 509 21.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 516 21.5 Aging and the Urinary System 518 Chapter Review 521 Critical Thinking Applications 522 Answers to Figure Questions 522 22 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 523 22.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance 523 22.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids 527 22.3 Acid–Base Balance 530 22.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 532 Chapter Review 533 Critical Thinking Applications 534 Answers to Figure Questions 534 23 The Reproductive Systems 535 23.1 Male Reproductive System 535 23.2 Female Reproductive System 544 23.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle 551 23.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 554 23.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 557 Chapter Review 562 Critical Thinking Applications 564 Answers to Figure Questions 564 24 Development and Inheritance 565 24.1 Embryonic Period 565 24.2 Fetal Period 574 24.3 Maternal Changes during Pregnancy 575 24.4 Exercise and Pregnancy 577 24.5 Labor and Delivery 577 24.6 Lactation 578 24.7 Inheritance 579 Chapter Review 584 Critical Thinking Applications 585 Answers to Figure Questions 585