This book introduces the fundamental methods and techniques of correct reasoning, in a manner that shows the relevance of the topics to readers everyday lives. Many new exercises introduced in this edition help supplement and support explanations, aid in review, and make the book visually stimulating. KEY TOPICS: Includes many fascinating illustrations taken from the history of science as well as from contemporary research in the physical and biological sciences, plus introduces an abundance of new exercises throughout, complete with solutions for the first exercise in a set. MARKET: Appropriate for those in business, education, political, or psychology careers.

Table of Contents:
PART I LOGIC AND LANGUAGE SECTION A REASONING CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts 1.1 What Logic Is 1.2 Propositions and Arguments 1.3 Recognizing Arguments 1.4 Arguments and Explanations 1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 1.6 Validity and Truth   CHAPTER 2 Analyzing Arguments 2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments 2.2 Diagramming Arguments 2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages 2.4 Problems in Reasoning   SECTION B INFORMAL LOGIC CHAPTER 3 Language and Definitions 3.1 Language Functions 3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity 3.4 Definitions and Their Uses 3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference   CHAPTER 4 Fallacies 4.1 What Is a Fallacy? 4.2 Classification of Fallacies 4.3 Fallacies of Relevance 4.4 Fallacies of Defective Induction 4.5 Fallacies of Presumption 4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity   PART II DEDUCTION SECTION A CLASSICAL LOGIC CHAPTER 5 Categorical Propositions 5.1 The Theory of Deduction 5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions 5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions 5.4 Quality, Quantity, and Distributions 5.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 5.6 Further Immediate Inferences 5.7 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions 5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions   CHAPTER 6 Categorical Syllogisms 6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument 6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms 6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies 6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism   CHAPTER 7 Syllogisms in Ordinary Language 7.1 Syllogistic Arguments 7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to Three 7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form 7.4 Uniform Translation 7.5 Enthymemes 7.6 Sorites 7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms 7.8 The Dilemma   SECTION B MODERN LOGIC CHAPTER 8 Symbolic Logic 8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language 8.2 The Symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction 8.3 Conditional Statements and Material Implication 8.4 Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy 8.5 The Precise Meaning of “Invalid” and “Valid” 8.6 Testing Argument Validity Using Truth Tables 8.7 Some Common Argument Forms 8.8 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence 8.9 Logical Equivalence 8.10 The Three “Laws of Thought”   CHAPTER 9 Methods of Deduction 9.1 Formal Proof of Validity 9.2 The Elementary Valid Argument Forms 9.3 Formal Proofs of Validity Exhibited 9.4 Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity 9.5 Constructing More Extended Formal Proofs 9.6 Expanding the Rules of Inference: Replacement Rules 9.7 The System of Natural Deduction 9.8 Constructing Formal Proofs Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference 9.9 Proof of Invalidity 9.10 Inconsistency 9.11 Indirect Proof of Validity 9.12 Shorter Truth-Table Technique   CHAPTER 10 Quantification Theory 10.1 The Need for Quantification 10.2 Singular Propositions 10.3 Universal and Existential Quantifiers 10.4 Traditional Subject–Predicate Propositions 10.5 Proving Validity 10.6 Proving Invalidity 10.7 Asyllogistic Inference   PART III INDUCTION SECTION A ANALOGY AND CAUSATION CHAPTER 11 Analogical Reasoning 11.1 Induction and Deduction Revisited 11.2 Argument by Analogy 11.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments 11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy   CHAPTER 12 Causal Reasoning 12.1 Cause and Effect 12.2 Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature 12.3 Induction by Simple Enumeration 12.4 Methods of Causal Analysis 12.5 Limitations of Inductive Techniques   SECTION B SCIENCE AND PROBABILITY CHAPTER 13 Science and Hypothesis 13.1 Scientific Explanation 13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis and Confirmation 13.3 Evaluating Scientific Explanations 13.4 Classification as Hypothesis   CHAPTER 14 Probability 14.1 Alternative Conceptions of Probability 14.2 The Probability Calculus 14.3 Probability in Everyday Life