Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition Since the publication of the first edition over 50 years ago, Introduction to Solid State Physics has been the standard solid state physics text for physics students. The author's goal from the beginning has been to write a book that is accessible to undergraduates and consistently teachable. The emphasis in the book has always been on physics rather than formal mathematics. With each new edition, the author has attempted to add important new developments in the field without sacrificing the book's accessibility and teachability. A very important chapter on nanophysics has been written by an active worker in the field. This field is the liveliest addition to solid state science during the past ten years The text uses the simplifications made possible by the wide availability of computer technology. Searches using keywords on a search engine (such as Google) easily generate many fresh and useful references

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Crystal Structure 1 Periodic Array of Atoms 3 Lattice Translation Vectors 4 Basis and the Crystal Structure 5 Primitive Lattice Cell 6 Fundamental Types of Lattices 6 Two-Dimensional Lattice Types 8 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types 9 Index Systems for Crystal Planes 11 Simple Crystal Structures 13 Sodium Chloride Structure 13 Cesium Chloride Structure 14 Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (hcp) 15 Diamond Structure 16 Cubic Zinc Sulfide Structure 17 Direct Imaging of Atomic Structure 18 Nonideal Crystal Structures 18 Random Stacking and Polytypism 19 Crystal Structure Data 19 Summary 22 Problems 22 Chapter 2: Wave Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice 23 Diffraction of Waves by Crystals 25 Bragg Law 25 Scattered Wave Amplitude 26 Fourier Analysis 27 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors 29 Diffraction Conditions 30 Laue Equations 32 Brillouin Zones 33 Reciprocal Lattice to sc Lattice 34 Reciprocal Lattice to bcc Lattice 36 Reciprocal Lattice to fcc Lattice 37 Fourier Analysis of the Basis 39 Structure Factor of the bcc Lattice 40 Structure factor of the fcc Lattice 40 Atomic Form Factor 41 Summary 43 Problems 43 Chapter 3: Crystal Binding and Elastic Constants 47 Crystals of Inert Gases 49 Van der Waals—London Interaction 53 Repulsive Interaction 56 Equilibrium Lattice Constants 58 Cohesive Energy 59 Ionic Crystals 60 Electrostatic or Madelung Energy 60 Evaluation of the Madelung Constant 64 Covalent Crystals 67 Metals 69 Hydrogen Bonds 70 Atomic Radii 70 Ionic Crystal Radii 72 Analysis of Elastic Strains 73 Dilation 75 Stress Components 75 Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Constants 77 Elastic Energy Density 77 Elastic Stiffness Constants of Cubic Crystals 78 Bulk Modulus and Compressibility 80 Elastic Waves in Cubic Crstals 80 Waves in the [100] Direction 81 Waves in the [110] Direction 82 Summary 85 Problems 85 Chapter 4: Phonons I. Crystal Vibrations 89 Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis 91 First Brillouin Zone 93 Group Velocity 94 Long Wavelength Limit 94 Derivation of Force Constants from Experiment 94 Two Atoms per Primitive Basis 95 Quantization of Elastic Waves 99 Phonon Momentum 100 Inelastic Scattering by Phonons 100 Summary 102 Problems 102 Chapter 5: Phonons 11. Thermal Properties 105 Phonon Heat Capacity 107 Planck Distribution 107 Normal Mode Enumeration 108 Density of States in One Dimension 108 Density of States in Three Dimensions 111 Debye Model for Density of States 112 Debye T3Law 114 Einstein Model of the Density of States 114 General Result for D(w) 117 Anharmonic Crystal Interactions 119 Thermal Expansion 120 Thermal Conductivity 121 Thermal Resistivity of Phonon Gas 123 Umklapp Processes 125 Imperfecions 126 Problems 128 Chapter 6: Free Electron Fermi Gas 131 Energy Levels in One Dimension 134 Effect of Temperature on the Fermi-Dirac Distribution 136 Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions 137 Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas 141 Experimental Heat Capacity of Metals 145 Heavy Fermions 147 Electrical Conductivity and Ohm’s Law 147 Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Metals 148 Umklapp Scattering 151 Motion in Magnetic Fields 152 Hall Effect 153 Thermal Conductivity of Metals 156 Ratio of Thermal to Electrical Conductivity 156 Problems 157 Chapter 7: Energy Bands 161 Nearly Free Electron Model 164 Origin of the Energy Gap 165 Magnitude of the Energy Gap 167 Bloch Functions 167 Kronig-Penney Model 168 Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential 169 Restatement of the Bloch Theorem 173 Crystal Momentum of an Electron 173 Solution of the Central Equation 174 Kronig-Penney Model in Reciprocal Space 174 Empty Lattice Approximation 176 Approximate Solution Near a Zone Boundary 177 Number of Orbitals in a Band 180 Metals and Insulators 181 Summary 182 Problems 182 Chapter 8: Semiconductor Crystals 185 Band Gap 187 Equations of Motion 191 Physical Derivation of ©¤k̇ = F 193 Holes 194 Effective Mass 197 Physical Interpretation of the Effective Mass 198 Effective Masses in Semiconductors 200 Silicon and Germanium 202 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration 205 Intrinsic Mobility 208 Impurity Conductivity 209 Donor States 209 Acceptor States 211 Thermal Ionization of Donors and Acceptors 213 Thermoelectric Effects 214 Semimetals 215 Superlattices 216 Bloch Oscillator 217 Zener Tunneling 217 Summary 217 Problems 218 Chapter 9: Fermi Surfaces and Metals 221 Reduced Zone Scheme 223 Periodic Zone Scheme 225 Construction of Fermi Surfaces 226 Nearly Free Electrons 228 Electron Orbits, Hole Orbits, and Open Orbits 230 Calculation of Energy Bands 232 Tight Binding Method of Energy Bands 232 Wigner-Seitz Method 236 Cohesive Energy 237 Pseudopotential Methods 239 Experimental Methods in Fermi Surface Studies 242 Quantization of Orbits in a Magnetic Field 242 De Haas-van Alphen Effect 244 Extremal Orbits 248 Fermi Surface of Copper 249 Magnetic Breakdown 251 Summary 252 Problems 252 Chapter 10: Superconductivity 257 Experimental Survey 259 Occurrence of Superconductivity 260 Destruction of Superconductivity of Magnetic Fields 262 Meissner Effect 262 Heat Capacity 264 Energy Gap 266 Microwave and Infrared Properties 268 Isotope Effect 269 Theoretical Survey 270 Thermodynamics of the Superconducting Transition 270 London Equation 273 Coherence Length 276 BCS Theory of Superconductivity 277 BCS Ground State 278 Flux Quantization in a Superconducting Ring 279 Duration of Persistent Currents 282 Type II Superconductors 283 Vortex State 284 Estimation of Hc1and Hc2 284 Single Particle Tunneling 287 Josephson Superconductor Tunneling 289 Dc Josephson Effect 289 Ac Josephson Effect 290 Macroscopic Quantum Interference 292 High-Temperature Superconductors 293 Summary 294 Problems 294 Reference 296 Chapter 11: Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 297 Langevin Diamagnetism Equation 299 Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of Mononuclear Systems 301 Paramagnetism 302 Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism 302 Rare Earth Ions 305 Hund Rules 306 Iron Group Ions 307 Crystal Field Splitting 307 Quenching of the Orbital Angular Momentum 308 Spectroscopic Splitting Factor 311 Van Vleck Temperature-Independent Paramagnetism 311 Cooling by Isentropic Demagnetization 312 Nuclear Demagnetization 314 Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons 315 Summary 317 Problems 318 Chapter 12: Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism 321 Ferromagnetic Order 323 Curie Point and the Exchange Integral 323 Temperature Dependence of the Saturation Magnetization 326 Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero 328 Magnons 330 Quantization of Spin Waves 333 Thermal Excitation of Magnons 334 Neutron Magnetic Scattering 335 Ferrimagnetic Order 336 Curie Temperature and Susceptibility of Ferrimagnets 338 Iron Garnets 339 Antiferromagnetic Order 340 Susceptibility Below the Néel Temperature 343 Antiferromagnetic Magnons 344 Ferromagnetic Domains 346 Anisotropy Energy 348 Transition Region between Domains 349 Origin of Domains 351 Coercivity and Hysteresis 352 Single Domain Particles 354 Geomagnetism and Biomagnetism 355 Magnetic Force Microscopy 355 Summary 356 Problems 357 Chapter 13: Magnetic Resonance 361 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 363 Equations of Motion 366 Line Width 370 Motional Narrowing 371 Hyperfine Splitting 373 Examples: Paramagnetic Point Defects 375 F Centers in Alkali Halides 376 Donor Atoms in Silicon 376 Knight Shift 377 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 379 Ferromagnetic Resonance 379 Shape Effects in FMR 380 Spin Wave Resonance 382 Antiferromagnetic Resonance 383 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 386 Exchange Narrowing 386 Zero-field Splitting 386 Principle of Maser Action 386 Three-Level Maser 388 Lasers 389 Summary 390 Problems 391 Chapter 14: Plasmons, Polaritons, and Polarons 393 Dielectric Function of the Electron Gas 395 Definitions of the Dielectric Function 395 Plasma Optics 396 Dispersion Relation for Electromagnetic Waves 397 Transverse Optical Modes in a Plasma 398 Transparency of Metals in the Ultraviolet 398 Longitudinal Plasma Oscillations 398 Plasmons 401 Electrostatic Screening 403 Screened Coulomb Potential 406 Pseudopotential Component U(0) 407 Mott Metal-Insulator Transition 407 Screening and Phonons in Metals 409 Polaritons 410 LST Relation 414 Electron-Electron Interaction 417 Fermi Liquid 417 Electron-Electron Collisions 417 Electron-Phonon Interaction: Polarons 420 Peierls Instability of Linear Metals 422 Summary 424 Problems 424 Chapter 15: Optical Processes and Excitons 427 Optical Reflectance 429 Kramers-Kronig Relations 430 Mathematical Note 432 Example: Conductivity of collisionless Electron Gas 433 Electronic Interband Transitions 434 Excitons 435 Frenkel Excitons 437 Alkali Halides 440 Molecular Crystals 440 Weakly Bound (Mott-Wannier) Excitons 441 Exciton Condensation into Electron-Hole Drops (EHD) 441 Raman Effects in Crystals 444 Electron Spectroscopy with X-Rays 447 Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid 448 Summary 449 Problems 450 Chapter 16: Dielectrics And Ferroelectrics 453 Maxwell Equations 455 Polarization 455 Macroscopic Electric Field 456 Depolarization Field, E1 458 Local Electric Field at an Atom 460 Lorentz Field, E2 462 Field of Dipoles Inside Cavity, E3 462 Dielectric Constant and Polarizability 463 Electronic Polarizability 464 Classical Theory of Electronic Polarizability 466 Structural Phase Transitions 467 Ferroelectric Crystals 467 Classification of Ferroelectric Crystals 469 Displacive Transitions 471 Soft Optical Phonons 473 Landau Theory of the Phase Transition 474 Second-Order Transition 475 First-Order Transition 477 Antiferroelectricity 479 Ferroelectric Domains 479 Piezoelectricity 481 Summary 482 Problems 483 Chapter 17: Surface and Interface Physics 487 Reconstruction and Relaxation 489 Surface Crystallography 490 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction 493 Surface Electronic Structure 494 Work Function 494 Thermionic Emission 495 Surface States 495 Tangential Surface Transport 497 Magnetoresistance in a Two-Dimensional Channel 498 Integral Quantized Hall Effect (IQHE) 499 IQHE in Real Systems 500 Fractional Quantized Hall Effect (FQHE) 503 p-n Junctions 503 Rectification 504 Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Detectors 506 Schottky Barrier 506 Heterostructures 507 n-N Heterojunction 508 Semiconductor Lasers 510 Light-Emitting Diodes 511 Problems 513 Chapter 18: Nanostructures 515 Imaging Techniques for Nanostructures 519 Electron Microscopy 520 Optical Microscopy 521 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 523 Atomic Force Microscopy 526 Electronic Structure of 1D Systems 528 One-Dimensional Subbands 528 Spectroscopy of Van Hove Singularities 529 1D Metals — Coluomb Interactions and Lattice Copulings 531 Electrical Transport in 1D 533 Conductance Quantization and the Landauer Formula 533 Two Barriers in Series-resonant Tunneling 536 Incoherent Addition and Ohm’s Law 538 Localization 539 Voltage Probes and the Buttiker-Landauer Formalism 540 Electronic Structure of 0D Systems 545 Quantized Energy Levels 545 Semiconductor Nanocrystals 545 Metallic Dots 547 Discrete Charge States 549 Electrical Transport in 0D 551 Coulomb Oscillations 551 Spin, Mott Insulators, and the Kondo Effect 554 Cooper Pairing in Superconducting Dots 556 Vibrational and Thermal Properties of Nanostructures 557 Quantized Vibrational Modes 557 Transverse Vibrations 559 Heat Capacity and Thermal Transport 561 Summary 562 Problems 562 Chapter 19: Noncrystalline Solids 565 Diffraction Pattern 567 Monatomic Amorphous Materials 568 Radial Distribution Function 569 Structure of Vitreous Silica, SiO2 570 Glasses 573 Viscosity and the Hopping Rate 574 Amorphous Ferromagnets 575 Amorphous Semiconductors 577 Low Energy Excitations in Amorphous Solids 578 Heat Capacity Calculation 578 Thermal Conductivity 579 Fiber Optics 581 Rayleigh Attenuation 582 Problems 582 Chapter 20: Point Defects 583 Lattice Vacancies 585 Diffusion 588 Metals 591 Color Centers 592 F Centers 592 Other Centers in Alkali Halides 593 Problems 595 Chapter 21: Dislocations 597 Shear Strength of Single Crystals 599 Slip 600 Dislocations 601 Burgers Vectors 604 Stress Fields of Dislocations 605 Low-angle Grain Boundaries 607 Dislocation Densities 610 Dislocation Multiplication and Slip 611 Strength of Alloys 613 Dislocations and Crystal Growth 615 Whiskers 616 Hardness of Materials 617 Problems 618 Chapter 22: Alloys 619 General Considerations 621 Substitutional Solid Solutions—Hume-Rothery Rules 624 Order-Disorder Transformation 627 Elementary Theory of Order 629 Phase Diagrams 632 Eutectics 632 Transition Metal Alloys 634 Electrical Conductivity 636 Kondo Effect 637 Problems 640 Appendix A: Temperature Dependence of the Reflection Lines 641 Appendix B: Ewald Calculation of Lattice Sums 644 Ewald-Kornfeld Method for Lattice Sums for Dipole Arrays 647 Appendix C: Quantization of Elastic Waves: Phonons 648 Phonon Coordinates 649 Creation and Annihilation Operators 651 Appendix D: Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function 652 Appendix E: Derivation of the dk/dt Equation 655 Appendix F: Boltzmann Transport Equation 656 Particle Diffusion 657 Classical Distribution 658 Fermi-Dirac Distribution 659 Electrical Conductivity 661 Appendix G: Vector Potential, Field Momentum, and Gauge Transformations 661 Lagrangian Equations of Motion 662 Derivation of the Hamiltonian 663 Field Momentum 663 Gauge Transformation 664 Gauge in the London Equation 665 Appendix H: Cooper Pairs 665 Appendix I: Ginzburg-Landau Equation 667 Appendix J: Electron-Phonon Collisions 671 Index 675