Table of Contents:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 DEVELOPMENT OF TV LIGHTING 1.0 Introduction, 1.1 History, 1.2 Cameras, 1.3 Lighting 2 STUDIO DESIGN ISSUES 2.1 Introduction, 2.2 Purpose of the Studio, 2.3 Size and Shape, 2.4 Height and Ceiling Usage, 2.5 Studio Floors and Flooring Materials, 2.6 Walls and Wall Coverings, 2.7 Acoustic Performance, 2.8 Access and Doorways, 2.9 Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems, 2.10 Control Rooms and Technical Areas, 2.11 Other Facilities, 2.12 Scenery Facilities, 2.13 Cyclorama System and Curtains, 2.14 General Studio Planning Issues, 2.15 Fire Regulations, 2.16 Check List, 2.17 Conclusions 3 THE PLANNING STAGE 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 The Drawing, 3.3 Lighting Principles, 3.3.1 Reflection, 3.3.2 Refraction, 3.3.3 Colour Temperature, 3.3.4 Inverse Square Law, 3.3.5 TV Lighting Types, 3.3.5.1 Keylight, 3.3.5.2 Back Light, 3.3.5.3 Fill or Base Light, 3.3.6 Basic Lighting Principles, 3.4 Basic Suspension System Requirements, 3.5 Basic Dimming System Requirements, 3.6 Basic Electrical and Socket Outlet Requirements, 3.7 Basic Lighting Control Requirements, 3.8 Basic Data Network Requirements, 3.9 Cyclorama System, 3.10 Luminaire Selection, 3.10.1 Luminaire Stock for 75 Square Metre Studio, 3.10.2 Luminaire Stock for 56 Square Metre Studio, 3.10.3 Luminaire Stock for 80 Square Metre Virtual Reality Studio, 3.10.4 Luminaire Stock for 150 Square Metre Studio, 3.10.5 Luminaire Stock for 300 Square Metre Studio, 3.10.6 Luminaire Stock for 600 Square Metre Studio, 3.11 Air Conditioning, 3.12 Summary 4 SUSPENSION SYSTEMS 4.1 Introduction, 4.2 General Considerations, 4.3 Pipe Grids, 4.4 Track and Barrel Grids, 4.5 Motorised and Counterweight Bars, 4.5.1 Motorised Bars, 4.5.2 Motorised Lighting Hoists, 4.5.3 Self-Climbing Hoist Tender Specification, 4.5.3.1 General Considerations, 4.5.3.2 Suspension, 4.5.3.3 Electrical, 4.5.3.4 Safety Limits, 4.6 Motorised Telescopes, 4.6.1 Motorised Telescope Tender Specification, 4.6.1.1 General Considerations, 4.6.1.2 Suspension, 4.6.1.3 Electrical, 4.6.1.4 Safety Limits, 4.7 Pantographs, 4.7.1 Manual Pantographs, 4.7.2 Motorised Pantographs, 4.8 Lighting Trusses, 4.9 Control Systems for Motorised Suspensions, 4.10 Scenery Suspension, Summary 5 DIMMING SYSTEMS 5.1 Introduction, 5.2 General Dimmer Considerations, 5.3 Power Control Section, 5.4 Interference Suppression, 5.5 Acoustic Noise, 5.6 Dimmer Law, 5.7 Specification for TV Dimmers, 5.7.1 Electrical Requirements, 5.7.2 Operating Requirements, 5.8 Dimmer Sizes, 5.9 Heat Dissipation Considerations, 5.10 Electrical Power Requirements and Studio Design Light Levels, 5.10.1 Typical University or College Studio of 100m, 5.10.2 Small Broadcast Studio of 80m, 5.10.3 General Purpose Studio of 120m, 5.10.4 Mixed Purpose Studio of 250m, 5.10.5 Broadcast General Purpose Studio of 700m, 5.11 Types of Dimmer, 5.11.1 Portable Packs, 5.11.2 Distributed Dimmer Bars and Packs, 5.11.3 Flight Cased Dimmers, 5.11.4 Medium Density Hard Wired Cabinet Dimmers, 5.11.5 High Density Modular Dimmers 5.12 Ratings of Dimmers, 5.13 Design Considerations for Building a Dimmer Room, 5.14 Electrical Safety Aspects and Monitoring, 5.15 Dimmer Diagnostics and Fault Reporting, 5.16 Transistor Dimming, 5.17 Conclusions on Dimming Systems 6 LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS 6.1 Introduction, 6.2 Brief History of Lighting Control, 6.3 Control Protocols, 6.4 Requirements for TV Lighting Control Systems 6.5 Simple Single Preset Manual Control, 6.6 Push Button Lighting Control, 6.7 Two Preset Manual Control Desks 6.8 Combination Consoles with Manual and Memory Facilities, 6.9 Integrated and Standard Memory Consoles, 6.10 Lighting Control System Tender Specifications, 6.10.1 Single Preset DMX Output Control Console, 6.10.2 Two Preset DMX Output Control Console, 6.10.3 Switchable Single and Two Preset Console with Memory Facilities, 6.10.4 Integrated Lighting Console, 6.11 Other Control Considerations 7 LUMINAIRES 7.1 Introduction, 7.2 Basic Lighting Instruments, 7.2.1 Fresnel, 7.2.1.1 Selection of a Fresnel Luminaire, 7.2.2 Tungsten Softlight, 7.2.2.1 Selection of a Tungsten Softlight, 7.2.3 Fluorescent Softlight, 7.2.4 Profile Luminaire 7.2.5 Followspot, 7.2.6 Cyclorama Light, 7.2.6.1 Top Cyc Units 1.25kW, 7.2.6.2 Groundrow Units 1.25kW, 7.2.7 Parcan, 7.2.8 Discharge and Other Sources, 7.2.8 Effects Units, 7.2.9 Accessories 8 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 8.1 Introduction, 8.2 Electrical Supplies, 8.3 Harmonic Distortion and Power Factor, 8.4 Electrical Protection and Distribution Boards, 8.5 Residual Current and Earth Leakage Issues, 8.6 Phasing Studio Electrical Installations, 8.7 Socket Outlets and Wallboxes, 8.8 Cable Sizes, 8.9 Earthing, 8.10 Geographic Layout, 8.11 Electrical Diversity, 8.12 Non Dimmed Supplies, 8.13 House and Working Lights, 8.14 Emergency Lighting, 9 NETWORK 9.1 Introduction, 9.2 Analogue Networks, 9.3 Introduction To Digital Networks, 9.4 Specific DMX Issues, 9.4.1 Brief Description of Structure of DMX Protocol, 9.4.2 Universes, 9.4.3 Transmitters, 9.4.4 Receivers, 9.4.5 Terminators, 9.4.6 Distribution Amplifiers, 9.4.7 Merge Units, 9.4.8 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Units, 9.4.9 Protocol Converters, 9.4.10 Automatic Back-Up Devices, 9.5 Patch Bays, 9.6 Outlets and Locations, 9.6.1 DMX Inlets, 9.6.2 DMX Back-Up Devices, 9.6.3 DMX Outlets and Where to Locate Them, 9.6.4 DMX Outlets and Motorised Hoists and Telescopes, 9.6.5 DMX Universes, 9.7 Alternative Distribution Systems, 9.8 DMX and Cat 5 Cables, 9.9 Ethernet Networks, 9.9.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Ethernet Systems, 9.9.2 Ethernet Cable Systems, 9.9.3 Planning the Ethernet Network, 9.9.3.1 Basic Network Rules, 9.9.3.2 Adherence to the Cable Length Restrictions, 9.9.4 Why Ethernet? 9.10 The Advanced Control Network 10 SUMMARY PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS GLOSSARY