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Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Becoming an Effective Teacher of Reading PRINCIPLE 1: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS UNDERSTAND HOW STUDENTS LEARN Behaviorism Constructivism Sociolinguistics Information Processing   PRINCIPLE 2: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS SUPPORT STUDENTS’ USE OF THE CUEING SYSTEMS The Phonological System The Syntactic System The Semantic System The Pragmatic System   PRINCIPLE 3: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS CREATE A COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS Characteristics of a Classroom Community How to Create a Classroom Culture   PRINCIPLE 4: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS ADOPT A BALANCED APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION Common Core State Standards   PRINCIPLE 5: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS SCAFFOLD STUDENTS’ READING AND WRITING Modeled Reading and Writing Shared Reading and Writing Interactive Reading and Writing Guided Reading and Writing Independent Reading and Writing   PRINCIPLE 6: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS ORGANIZE FOR INSTRUCTION Basal Reading Programs Literature Focus Units Literature Circles Reading and Writing Workshop   Nurturing English Learners   PRINCIPLE 7: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION   PRINCIPLE 8: EFFECTIVE TEACHERS LINK INSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT Classroom Assessment Tools High-Stakes Tests   Accountability Check! Teaching Reading and Writing   References     Chapter 2: The Reading and Writing Processes Vignette: The Reading Process in Action   THE READING PROCESS Stage 1: Prereading Stage 2: Reading Stage 3: Responding Stage 4: Exploring Stage 5: Applying   THE WRITING PROCESS Stage 1: Prewriting Stage 2: Drafting Stage 3: Revising Stage 4: Editing Stage 5: Publishing The Writer’s Craft   READING AND WRITING ARE RECIPROCAL PROCESSES Comparing the Two Processes Classroom Connections Literacy Strategies   Accountability Check! Teaching the Reading and Writing Processes   References   Chapter 3: Assessing Literacy Development Vignette: Second-Quarter Assessments CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT Step 1: Planning for Assessment Step 2: Monitoring Students’ Progress Step 3: Evaluating Students’ Learning Step 4: Reflecting   DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Determining Students’ Reading Levels Diagnosing Students’ Strengths and Weaknesses   Nurturing English Learners   HIGH-STAKES TESTING Problems With High-Stakes Testing Preparing for Standardized Tests   Nurturing English Learners   The Politics of High-Stakes Testing   PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT Collecting Work in Portfolios Involving Students in Self-Assessment Showcasing Students’ Portfolios   Accountability Check! Assessing Students’ Literacy Development   References     Chapter 4: The Youngest Readers and Writers   Vignette: K–3 Students’ Literacy Development   FOSTERING AN INTEREST IN LITERACY Concepts About Print Concepts About Words Concepts About the Alphabet Assessing Children’s Concepts About Written Language HOW CHILDREN DEVELOP AS READERS AND WRITERS Stage 1: Emergent Reading and Writing Stage 2: Beginning Reading and Writing Stage 3: Fluent Reading and Writing   INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES Morning Message Shared Reading Language Experience Approach Interactive Writing Manuscript Handwriting Writing Centers   Accountability Check! Supporting the Youngest Readers and Writers   References     Chapter 5: Cracking the Alphabetic Code   Vignette: First Grade Phonics Instruction   PHONEMIC AWARENESS Phonemic Awareness Strategies Teaching Phonemic Awareness   Nurturing English Learners   Assessing Children’s Phonemic Awareness Why Is Phonemic Awareness Important?   PHONICS Phonics Concepts Teaching Phonics Assessing Students’ Phonics Knowledge What’s the Role of Phonics in a Balanced Literacy Program?   SPELLING Stages of Spelling Development   Nurturing English Learners   Teaching Spelling Weekly Spelling Tests Assessing Students’ Spelling What’s the Controversy About Spelling Instruction?   Accountability Check! Assisting Students in Cracking the Alphabetic Code    References     Chapter 6: Developing Fluent Readers and Writers   Vignette: High-Frequency Words   READING FLUENCY Automatic Reading Reading Speed Prosody Assessing Reading Fluency   WRITING FLUENCY Automatic Writing Writing Speed Writer’s Voice Assessing Writing Fluency   Nurturing English Learners   DYSFLUENT STUDENTS Older Dysfluent Readers Older Dysfluent Writers Obstacles to Fluency   Accountability Check! Developing Fluent Readers and Writers   References     Chapter 7: Expanding Academic Vocabulary   Vignette: The Word Wizards Club   ACADEMIC VOCABULARY Three Tiers of Words   Nurturing English Learners   Levels of Word Knowledge Word Consciousness   WORD-STUDY CONCEPTS Multiple Meanings of Words Synonyms: Words With Similar Meanings Antonyms: Words That Mean the Opposite Homonyms: Words That Confuse Root Words and Affixes Etymologies: Word Histories Figurative Meanings   TEACHING STUDENTS TO UNLOCK WORD MEANINGS Word Walls Explicit Instruction Word-Study Activities Word-Learning Strategies Incidental Word Learning Assessing Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge   Accountability Check! Expanding Students’ Academic Vocabulary   References     Chapter 8: Promoting Comprehension: Reader Factors   Vignette: Comprehension Strategies   WHAT IS COMPREHENSION? Reader and Text Factors Text Complexity Prerequisites for Comprehension Comprehension Strategies Comprehension Skills   TEACHING ABOUT READER FACTORS Explicit Comprehension Instruction Developing Comprehension Through Reading   Nurturing English Learners   Assessing Comprehension   MOTIVATION The Teacher’s Role Students’ Role How to Engage Students Assessing Motivation Comparing Capable and Less Capable Readers and Writers   Accountability Check! Facilitating Students’ Comprehension of Reader Factors   References     Chapter 9: Promoting Comprehension: Text Factors   Vignette: Reading and Writing About Frogs   TEXT FACTORS OF STORIES Formats of Stories Narrative Genres Elements of Story Structure Narrative Devices Looking at the Text Factors in a Story   TEXT FACTORS OF NONFICTION BOOKS Nonfiction Genres Expository Text Structures Nonfiction Features Looking at the Text Factors in a Nonfiction Book   TEXT FACTORS OF POETRY Formats of Poetry Books Poetic Forms Poetic Devices Looking at the Text Factors in a Book of Poetry   TEACHING STUDENTS ABOUT TEXT FACTORS Minilessons Comprehension Strategies Reading and Writing Activities Assessing Students’ Knowledge of Text Factors   Accountability Check! Facilitating Students’ Comprehension of Text Factors   References     Chapter 10: Organizing for Instruction   Vignette: A Yearlong Author Study   TEACHING WITH BASAL READING PROGRAMS Components of Basal Reading Programs Materials Included in Basal Reading Programs Managing a Basal Reading Program   TEACHING WITH LITERATURE FOCUS UNITS Steps in Developing a Unit Units Featuring a Picture Book Units Featuring a Novel Units Featuring a Genre Units Featuring an Author Managing Literature Focus Units   ORCHESTRATING LITERATURE CIRCLES Key Features of Literature Circles Implementing Literature Circles Using Literature Circles With Young Children Managing Literature Circles   IMPLEMENTING READING AND WRITING WORKSHOP Reading Workshop Writing Workshop Managing a Workshop Classroom   Accountability Check! Organizing for Instruction   References     Chapter 11: Differentiating for Success   Vignette: Classroom Interventions   WAYS TO DIFFERENTIATE INSTRUCTION Grouping for Instruction Guided Reading Text Sets Tiered Activities Literacy Centers Differentiated Projects   STRUGGLING READERS AND WRITERS Struggling Readers Struggling Writers Working With Struggling Students Interventions   Accountability Check! Differentiating Literacy Instruction    References     Chapter 12: Reading and Writing in the Content Areas   Vignette: Multigenre Projects   CONNECTING READING AND WRITING Reading Trade Books Writing as a Learning Tool Writing to Demonstrate Learning   CONTENT-AREA TEXTBOOKS Features of Content-Area Textbooks Making Content-Area Textbooks More Comprehensible Learning How to Study Why Aren’t Content-Area Textbooks Enough?   THEMATIC UNITS How to Develop a Thematic Unit   Nurturing English Learners   A First Grade Unit on Trees A Fourth Grade Unit on Desert Ecosystems A Sixth Grade Unit on Ancient Egypt   Accountability Check! Using Reading and Writing in the Content Areas   References     Compendium of Instructional Procedures   Anticipation Guides Book Talks Choral Reading Clap and Chant Cloze Procedure Collaborative Books Double-Entry Journals Exclusion Brainstorming Grand Conversations Guided Reading Hot Seat Interactive Read-Alouds Interactive Writing K-W-L Charts Language Experience Approach Learning Logs Making Words Minilessons Open-Mind Portraits Possible Sentences Prereading Plans Question-Answer-Relationships Questioning the Author Quickwriting RAFT Readers Theatre Reading Logs Reciprocal Teaching Revising Groups Rubrics Running Records Semantic Feature Analysis Shared Reading Sketch-to-Stretch Story Boards Story Retelling Studying Spelling Words Sustained Silent Reading Tea Party Think-Alouds Word Ladders Word Sorts Word Walls