For Introductory Literature and Composition classes.   By combining the elements of a literature anthology with those of a handbook, Literature and the Writing Process guides students through the interrelated process of analytical reading and critical writing.   Throughout decades of combined teaching and writing experience the authors of LIterature and the Writing Process have held to a simple premise: great literature is always thought-provoking, always new; why not utilize it to sharpen critical thinking and improve writing skills? Grown out of this long-standing interest in the possibility of integrating the study of literature with the practice of composition, Literature and the Writing Process has become a unique and time-tested staple in literature and composition classes. By seamlessly integrating literature and composition into one multi-purpose text, this approach serves the dual process of enabling students to enjoy, understand, and learn from imaginative literature; and to help them write clearly, intelligently, and correctly about what they have learned.      

Table of Contents:
Contents by Genre Thematic Table of Contents Preface   PART ONEComposing: An Overview Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process  Reading for Writing James Joyce, “Eveline”  Who Are My Readers? Analyze the Audience Prewriting Exercise  Why Am I Writing? Reasons for Writing Prewriting Exercise  What Ideas Should I Use? Reading and Thinking Critically  Discovering and Developing Ideas Self-Questioning Directed Freewriting Problem Solving  Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting Clustering  What Point Should I Make?  Figure 1-2Clustering Relate a Part to the Whole  How Do I Find the Theme? Stating the Thesis   Chapter 2 The Writing Process  How Should I Organize My Ideas?  Arguing Your Interpretation The Elements of Good Argument Building an Effective Argument Arranging the Ideas  Chart 2-1Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation  Developing with Details Questions for Consideration  Maintaining a Critical Focus Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details  How Should I Begin? Postpone If Nothing Comes Write an Appealing Opening State the Thesis  How Should I End? Relate the Discussion to Theme Postpone or Write Ahead Write an Emphatic Final Sentence  Composing the First Draft Pausing to Rescan  Quoting from Your Sources  Sample Student Paper: First Draft  Suggestions for Writing  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing   Chapter 3 The Rewriting Process  What Is Revision?  Getting Feedback: Peer Review Revising in Peer Groups  Chart 3-1Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision  What Should I Add or Take Out? Outlining After the First Draft Making the Outline Checking the Outline Sample After-Writing Outline Examining the Sample Outline  Outlining Exercise  What Should I Rearrange?  Does It Flow?  What Is Editing?  What Sentences Should I Combine?  Chart 3-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions  Chart 3-3Revising Checklist Combining for Conciseness  Sentence Combining Exercise  Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety Varying the Pattern  Exercise on Style  Which Words Should I Change? Check Your Verbs  Exercise on Word Choice Use Active Voice Most of the Time Use Passive If Appropriate  Exercise on Passive Voice Feel the Words Attend to Tone Use Formal Language  What Is Proofreading? Try Reading It Backward Look for Your Typical Errors  Chart 3-4Proofreading Checklist Read the Paper Aloud Find a Friend to Help  Sample Student Paper: Final Draft   Chapter 4 Researched Writing  Using Library Source in Your Writing  Conducting Your Research Locating Sources The Online Catalog Indexes and Databases  Chart 4-1Selected Online Indexes and Databases Using the Internet  Chart 4-2Internet Sources for Literature Evaluating Online Sources Reference Works in Print  Chart 4-3Selected Reference Works in Literature  Working with Sources Taking Notes The Printout/Photocopy Option Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Devising a Working Outline  Writing a First Draft Organizing Your Notes Using Quotations and Paraphrases Integrating Sources Quoting from Primary Sources Avoiding Plagiarism  Rewriting and Editing Documenting Your Sources Revising the Draft  Chart 4-4 Checklist for Revising and Editing Researched Writing Formatting Your Paper  Sample Documented Student Paper  Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style In-Text Citations Preparing the List of Works Cited Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited Citing Electronic Sources   PART TWO Writing About Short Fiction Chapter 5 How Do I Read Short Fiction?  Notice the Structure Subplots  Consider Point of View and Setting  Study the Characters Foils  Look for Specialized Literary Techniques  Examine the Title  Investigate the Author’s Life and Times  Continue Questioning to Discover Theme  Chart 5-1Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story   Chapter 6 Writing About Structure  What Is Structure?  How Do I Discover Structure  Looking at Structure Tim O’Brien, “The Things They Carried”  Prewriting Finding Patterns  Writing Grouping Details Relating Details to Theme  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting Integrating Quotations Gracefully  Exercise on Integrating Quotations   Chapter 7 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism  What Are Images?  What Are Symbols? Archetypal Symbols Phallic and Yonic Symbols  How Will I Recognize Symbols? Reference Works on Symbols  Looking at Images and Symbols Shirley Jackson, “The Lottery”  Prewriting Interpreting Symbols  Writing Producing a Workable Thesis  Exercise on Thesis Statements  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting Sharpening the Introduction  Sample Student Paper:Second and Final Drafts   Chapter 8 Writing About Point of View  What Is Point of View? Describing Point of View  Looking at Point of View Alice Walker, “Everyday Use”  Prewriting Analyzing Point of View  Writing Relating Point of View to Theme  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting Sharpening the Conclusion   Chapter 9 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere  What Are Setting and Atmosphere?  Looking at Setting and Atmosphere Tobias Wolff, “Hunters in the Snow”  Prewriting  Prewriting Exercise  Writing Discovering an Organization  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting: Organization and Style Checking Your Organization Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences  Sentence Modeling Exercise   Chapter 10 Writing About Theme  What Is Theme?  Looking at Theme Flannery O'Connor, “Good Country People”  Prewriting Figuring Out Theme Stating the Theme  Writing Choosing Supporting Details  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing For Further Reading and Research  Rewriting Achieving Coherence Checking for Coherence  Editing: Improving Connections Repeat Words and Synonyms Try Parallel Structure   Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”  Joyce Carol Oates (1938-) “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”  The Story’s Origins  Five Critical Interpretations Topics for Discussion and Writing Idea for Researched Writing   Anthology of Short Fiction  Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) “The Birthmark”  Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) “The Cask of Amontillado”  Kate Chopin (1851-1904) “Désirée’s Baby” “The Story of an Hour”  Edith Wharton (1862-1937) “Roman Fever”  Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) “Hands”  D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) “The Rocking-Horse Winner”  Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980) “The Grave”  Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) “Spunk”  William Faulkner (1897-1962) “A Rose for Emily”  Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) “Hills Like White Elephants”  John Steinbeck (1902-1968) “The Chrysanthemums”  Richard Wright (1908-1960) “The Man Who Was Almost a Man”  Tillie Olsen (1913-) “I Stand Here Ironing”  Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-) “Seventeen Syllables”  Flannery O’Connor (1925-1964) “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”  Alice Munro (1931-) “An Ounce of Cure”  John Updike (1932-) “A & P”  Bessie Head (1937-1986) “Life”  Raymond Carver (1938-1988) “What We Talk about When We Talk about Love”  Toni Cade Bambara (1939-1995) “The Lesson”  Bharati Mukherjee (1940-) “A Father”  Octavia E. Butler (1947-2006) “Speech Sounds”  T. Coraghessan Boyle (1948-) “The Love of My Life”  Dagoberto Gilb (1950-) “Love in L. A.”  Sandra Cisneros (1954-) “Geraldo No Name”  Louise Erdrich (1954-) “The Red Convertible “  Ha Jin (1956-) “The Bridegroom”  Sherman Alexie (1966-)  “This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona”   A Portfolio of Humorous Stories  James Thurber (1894-1961) “The Catbird Seat”  Frank O’Connor (1903-1966) “My Oedipus Complex”  Eudora Welty (1909-2001) “Why I Live at the P. O.”  Michael Gerber (1969-) and Jonathan Schwarz (1969-) “What We Talk About When We Talk About Doughnuts”   PART THREE Writing About Poetry Chapter 11 How Do I Read Poetry?  Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase  Make Associations for Meaning  Chart 11-1Critical Questions for Reading Poetry   Chapter 12 Writing About Persona and Tone  Who Is Speaking?  What Is Tone? Recognizing Verbal Irony  Describing Tone  Looking at Persona and Tone Theodore Roethke, “My Papa’s Waltz” Thomas Hardy, “The Ruined Maid” W. H. Auden, “The Unknown Citizen” Edmund Waller, “Go, Lovely Rose” Dorothy Parker, “One Perfect Rose”  Prewriting Asking Questions About the Speaker in “My Papa's Waltz” Devising a Thesis Describing the Tone in “The Ruined Maid” Discovering a Thesis Describing the Tone in “The Unknown Citizen” Discovering a Thesis Discovering Tone in “Go, Lovely Rose” Discovering Tone in “One Perfect Rose”  Writing Explicating and Analyzing  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Editing Quoting Poetry in Essays  Sample Student Response: Poetry Analyzing the Student Response   Chapter 13 Writing About Poetic Language  What Do the Words Suggest? Connotation and Denotation Figures of Speech Metaphor and Simile Personification Imagery Symbol Paradox Oxymoron  Looking at Poetic Language Walt Whitman, “A Noiseless Patient Spider” William Shakespeare, “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” Kay Ryan, “Turtle” Hayden Carruth, “In the Long Hall” Donald Hall, “My Son My Executioner”  Prewriting Examining Poetic Language  Writing Comparing and Contrasting  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting: Style Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms Finding Lively Words  Exercise on Diction  Sample Student Paper: Second and Final Drafts Comparison Exercise  Topics for Discussion and Writing Ideas for Further Researched Writing   Chapter 14 Writing About Poetic Form  What Are the Forms of Poetry? Rhythm and Rhyme Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance  Exercise on Poetic Form  Chart 14-1Rhythm and Meter in Poetry Stanzas: Closed and Open Form Poetic Syntax  Looking at the Forms of Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks, “We Real Cool” A. E. Housman, “Eight O’Clock” E. E. Cummings, “anyone lived in a pretty how town” Wole Soyinka, “Telephone Conversation” William Wordsworth, “Nuns Fret Not” Billy Collins, “Sonnet” Alan Ziegler, “Love at First Sight” Roger McGough, “40---Love”  Prewriting Experimenting with Poetic Forms  Writing Relating Form to Meaning  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Expressive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting: Style Finding the Exact Word  Exercises on Diction  Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, “The `Banked Fire’ of Robert Hayden’s `Those Winter Sundays’”   Casebook:The Poetry and Prose of Langston Hughes  Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography  Poetry “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” “Mother to Son” “The Weary Blues” “Saturday Night” “Trumpet Player” “Harlem (A Dream Deferred)” “Theme for English B”  Considering the Poems  Prose “Salvation” “On the Road” “Thank You, M’am”  Considering the Prose  Critical Commentaries Onwuchekwa Jemie, “Hughes and the Black Controversy” Margaret Larkin, “A Poet for the People” Richard Wright, “Forerunner and Ambassador” Karen Jackson Ford, “Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity” Peter Townsend, “Jazz and Langston Hughes’s Poetry” Langston Hughes, “Harlem Rent Parties”  Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes  Ideas for Researched Writing   Anthology of Poetry  Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) “They Flee from Me”  William Shakespeare (1564-1616) “When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes” “Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds” “That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold” “My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun”  John Donne (1572-1631) “Death, Be Not Proud”  William Blake (1757-1827) “The Lamb” “The Tyger” “The Sick Rose” “London”  William Wordsworth (1770-1850) “The World Is Too Much with Us”  George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) “She Walks in Beauty”  Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) “Ozymandias”  John Keats (1795-1821) “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” “Ode on a Grecian Urn”  Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) “The Eagle”  Walt Whitman (1819-1892) “When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” “One’s-Self I Sing”  Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) “Dover Beach”  Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) “Faith Is a Fine Invention” “I’m Nobody! Who Are You?” “Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers” “He Put the Belt Around My Life” “Much Madness Is Divinest Sense” “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” “Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church”  Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) “Pied Beauty” “Spring and Fall”  A. E. Housman (1859-1936) “To an Athlete Dying Young” “Loveliest of Trees”  William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) “The Second Coming”  Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) “We Wear the Mask”  Robert Frost (1874-1963) “Mending Wall” “Birches” “ `Out, Out—’” “Fire and Ice” “Design”  Don Marquis (1878-1937) “the lesson of the moth”  Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) “Fog” “Chicago”  Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) “The Emperor of Ice Cream”  William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) “Danse Russe” “The Red Wheelbarrow”  D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) “Piano”  T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”  Claude McKay (1890-1948) “America”  Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) “Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word” “First Fig”  E. E. Cummings (1894-1962) “in Just- ” “pity this busy monster,manunkind”  Jean Toomer (1894-1967) “Reapers”  Stevie Smith (1902-1971) “Not Waving but Drowning”  Countee Cullen (1903-1946) “Incident”  Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) “Sweetness, Always”  W. H. Auden (1907-1973) “Funeral Blues”  Theodore Roethke (1908-1963) “Dolor” “I Knew a Woman”  Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979) “One Art”  May Sarton (1912-1995) “AIDS”  Karl Shapiro (1913-2000) “Auto Wreck”  Octavio Paz(1914-1998) “The Street”  Dudley Randall (1914-2000) “To the Mercy Killers”  Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) “The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower” “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night”  Gwendolyn Brooks (1917- 2000) “Sadie and Maud” “The Bean Eaters”  Howard Nemerov (1920-1991) “The Goose Fish”  Richard Wilbur (1921-) “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”  Philip Larkin (1922-1985) “Home Is So Sad”  James Dickey (1923-1997) “The Leap”  Lisel Mueller (1924-) “Things”  Maxine Kumin (1925-) “Woodchucks”  Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) “A Supermarket in California”  James Wright (1927-1980) “Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio”  Anne Sexton (1928-1974) “You All Know the Story of the Other Woman”  Adrienne Rich (1929- ) “Aunt Jennifer's Tigers”  Ruth Fainlight (1931- ) “Flower Feet”  Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) “Mirror”  John Updike (1932-) “Ex-Basketball Player”  Linda Pastan (1932-) “Ethics” “Marks”  Imamu Amiri Baraka(1934-) “Biography”  Audre Lorde (1934-1992) “Hanging Fire”  Marge Piercy (1936-) “The Woman in the Ordinary”  Seamus Heaney (1939-) “Digging”  Sharon Olds (1942-) “Sex Without Love”  Nikki Giovanni (1943-) “Dreams”  Gina Valdes (1943-) “My Mother Sews Blouses”  Julia Alvarez (1950-) “How I Learned to Sweep”  Rita Dove (1952-) “Daystar”  Alberto Ríos (1952-) “In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did”  Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-) “There Are Black”  Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-) “Latin Women Pray”  Dorianne Laux (1952-) “What I Wouldn’t Do”  Tony Hoagland (1953-) “The Change”  Cornelius Eady (1954-) “The Supremes”  Louise Erdrich (1954-) “Indian Boarding School: The Runaways”  Martín Espada (1957-) “Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas”   Paired Poems for Comparison  Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”  Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618) “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd”    Robert Browning (1812-1889) “My Last Duchess”  Gabriel Spera (1966-) “My Ex-Husband”    Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) “The Convergence of the Twain”  David R. Slavitt(1935-) “Titanic”    Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) “Richard Cory”  Paul Simon (1942-) “Richard Cory”    Robert Frost (1874-1963) “The Road Not Taken”  Blanche Farley (1937-) “The Lover Not Taken”    William Stafford (1914-1993) “Traveling through the Dark”  Mary Oliver (1935-) “The Black Snake”    Robert Hayden (1913-1980) “Those Winter Sundays”  Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-) “My Father’s Love Letters”   A Portfolio of War Poetry  Richard Lovelace (1618-1657) “To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars”  Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) “Channel Firing”  Stephen Crane (1871-1900) “War Is Kind”  Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) “Grass”  Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) “Dulce et Decorum Est”  E. E. Cummings (1894-1962) “next to of course god america i”  Randall Jarrell (1914-1965) “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner”  Wislawa Szymborska (1923-) “End and Beginning”  Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-) “Facing It”  Billy Collins (1941-) “The Names”  Ideas for Discussion and Writing  Ideas for Researched Writing   A Portfolio ofLove Poetry  Sappho (ca. 612-ca. 580 b.c.) “With His Venom”  Anonymous (ca. 1500) “Western Wind”  John Donne (1572-1631) “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”  Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) “To My Dear and Loving Husband”  Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) “To His Coy Mistress”  Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) “Wild Nights—Wild Nights!”  Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) “What Lips My Lips Have Kissed”  W. H. Auden (1907-1973) “Lullaby”  Adrienne Rich (1929-) “Living in Sin”  Sharon Olds (1942-)  “Topography”  Christopher Murray(1967-)  “I Got Beat Up a Lot in High School”  Ideas for Discussion and Writing  Ideas for Researched Writing    The Art of Poetry: Art Insert  Lisel Mueller (1924-) “American Literature” Edward Hopper (1882-1967),Nighthawks, 1942   Samuel Yellen (1906-1983)    “Nighthawks”   Susan Ludvigson (1942-)    “Inventing My Parents”    Peter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525-1569), Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, c. 1554-55    Dannie Abse (1923-)    “Brueghel in Naples”   W. H. Auden (1907-1973)    “Musée des Beaux Arts”   Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), Leda and the Swan, c. 1880-82.   Leda and the Swan, 1996 street sculpture (steel, neon, laser beam), Hotel Estrel, Berlin    William Butler Yeats (1965-1939)   “Leda and the Swan”    Mona Van Duyn (1921-)    “Leda”    Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890),The Starry Night, 1889.    Anne Sexton (1928-1974)    “The Starry Night”    Kitagawa Utamaro (1754-1806), Two Women Dressing Their Hair, 1794-95   Cathy Song (1952-)    “Beauty and Sadness”   PART FOURWriting About Drama Chapter 15 How Do I Read a Play?  Listen to the Lines  Visualize the Scene  Envision the Action  Drama on Film  Chart 15-1Critical Questions for Reading Plays   Chapter 16 Writing About Dramatic Structure  What Is Dramatic Structure?  Looking at Dramatic Structure Sophocles, Antigone  Prewriting Analyzing Dramatic Structure  Writing Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis Quoting from a Play  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting Avoiding Unclear Language  Sample Student Paper of Drama Questions for Discussion   Chapter 17 Writing About Character  What Is the Modern Hero? The Classical Tragic Hero The Modern Tragic Hero  Looking at the Modern Hero August Wilson, Fences  Prewriting Analyzing the Characters  Writing Choosing a Structure  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing  Rewriting Developing Paragraphs Specifically  Exercise on Providing Quotations   Casebook Fences: Interpreting Troy Maxson  Six Critical Interpretations Frank Rich, “Family Ties in Wilson’s Fences” Brent Staples, “Fences: No Barrier to Emotion” August Wilson, “Talking About Fences” Christine Birdwell, “Death as a Fastball on the Outside Corner” Carla J. McDonough, “August Wilson: Performing Black Masculinity” Mary Ellen Snodgrass, “Fences”  Responding to the Critics  Idea for Researched Writing   Chapter 18 Writing About Culture  What Is Cultural Analysis?  Looking at Cultural Issues David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly  Prewriting Exploring Cultural Themes  Figure 18-1 Reading Notes Posing Yourself a Problem  Writing Refining Your Thesis  Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Research Writing  Rewriting Coordinating Your Introduction and Conclusion  Sample Documented Student Paper Using Cultural Analysis    Anthology of Drama  Sophocles (ca. 496-ca. 405 B.C.) Oedipus the King  William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Othello, the Moor of Venice  Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) A Doll's House  Susan Glaspell (1882-1948) Trifles  Luis Valdez (1940-) Los Vendidos  David Ives(1950-) Sure Thing  Wendy Wasserstein (1950-2006) Tender Offer  Harvey Fierstein (1954-) On Tidy Endings  Milcha Sanchez-Scott (1955-) The Cuban Swimmer   PART FIVE The Editing Process A Handbook for Correcting Errors  Proofreading  Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors Phrases and Clauses  Chart AExamples of Phrases and Clauses Fragments  Chart BKinds of Phrases  Chart CKinds of Clauses Comma Splices  Run-On Sentences  Clearing Up Confused Sentences  Solving Faulty Predication Problems  Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors  Fixing Pronoun Errors  Correcting Shifts in Person  Correcting Shifts in Tense  Finding Modifier Mistakes  Coping with Irregular Verb  Setting Verbs Right  Writing in Active Voice  Solving Punctuation Problems  Using Necessary Commas Only  Using Apostrophes  Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes  Integrating Quotations Gracefully  Punctuating Quoted Material  Writing Smooth Transitions  Catching Careless Mistakes   Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature Formalism  Historical Approaches Biographical Cultural Marxist  Psychological Approaches  Mythological and Archetypal Approaches  Gender Focus  Reader Response  Deconstruction  Where Do You Stand? Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms   Credits Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry Subject Inde