This book is meant to offer Architects, Property Mangers, Facility Managers, Building Engineers, Information Technology Professionals, Data Center Personnel, Electrical & Mechanical Technicians and students in undergraduate, graduate, or continuing education programs relevant insight into the Mission Critical Environment with an emphasis on business resiliency, data center efficiency, and green power technology. Industry improvements, standards, and techniques have been incorporated into the text and address the latest issues prevalent in the Mission Critical Industry. An emphasis on green technologies and certifications is presented throughout the book. In addition, a description of the United States energy infrastructure's dependency on oil, in relation to energy security in the mission critical industry, is discussed. In conjunction with this, either a new chapter will be created on updated policies and regulations specifically related to the mission critical industry or updates to policies and regulations will be woven into most chapters. The topics addressed throughout this book include safety, fire protection, energy security and data center cooling, along with other common challenges and issues facing industry engineers today.

Table of Contents:
Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowlegments xxi 1 An Overview of Reliability and Resiliency in Today's Mission Critical Environment 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Risk Assessment 4 1.2.1 Levels of Risk 6 1.3 Capital Cost Versus Operation Cost 6 1.4 Critical Environment Workflow and Change Management 8 1.4.1 Change Management 9 1.4.2 Escalation Procedures 10 1.5 Testing and Commissioning 10 1.6 Documentation and the Human Factor 14 1.7 Education and Training 18 1.8 Operation and Maintenance 19 1.9 Employee Certification 20 1.10 Standards and Benchmarking 21 1.11 Conclusion 22 1.12 Risk Analysis and Improvement 22 2 Energy Security and Its Effect on Business Resiliency 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Risks Related to Information Security 29 2.3 How Risks are Addressed 34 2.4 Use of Distributed Generation 37 2.5 Documentation and Its Relation to Information Security 40 2.6 Smart Grid 42 2.7 Conclusion 44 2.8 Risk Analysis and Improvement 45 3 Mission Critical Engineering with an Overview of Green Technologies 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Companies’ Expectations: Risk Tolerance and Reliability 48 3.3 Identifying the Appropriate Redundancy in a Mission Critical Facility 50 3.3.1 Load Classifications 51 3.4 Improving Reliability, Maintainability, and Proactive Preventative Maintenance 52 3.5 The Mission Critical Facilities Manager and the Importance of the Boardroom 53 3.6 Quantifying Reliability and Availability 54 3.6.1 Re vie w of Reliability Terminology 55 3.7 Design Considerations for the Mission Critical Data Center 56 3.7.1 Data Center Certification 57 3.8 The Evolution of Mission Critical Facility Design 58 3.9 Human Factors and the Commissioning Process 59 3.10 Short-Circuit and Coordination Studies 60 3.10.1 Short-Circuit Study 60 3.10.2 Coordination Study 63 3.11 Introduction to Direct Current in the Data Center 65 3.11.1 Advantages of DC Distribution 65 3.11.2 DC Lighting 67 3.11.3 DC Storage Options 67 3.11.4 Renewable Energy Integration 68 3.11.5 DC and Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power 68 3.11.6 Current State of the Art 68 3.11.7 Safety Issues 70 3.11.8 Maintenance 71 3.11.9 Education and Training 71 3.11.10 Future Vision 71 3.12 Containerized Systems Overview 72 3.13 Conclusion 73 4 Mission Critical Electrical System Maintenance and Safety 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 The History of the Maintenance Supervisor and the Evolution of the Mission Critical Facilities Engineer 83 4.3 Internal Building Deficiencies and Analysis 85 4.4 Evaluating Your System 86 4.5 Choosing a Maintenance Approach 87 4.5.1 Annual Preventive Maintenance 88 4.6 Safe Electrical Maintenance 89 4.6.1 Standards and Regulations 89 4.6.2 Electrical Safety: Arc Flash 90 4.6.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 92 4,6.4 Lockout/Tagout 98 4.7 Maintenance of Typical Electrical Distribution Equipment 99 4.7.1 Thermal Scanning and Thermal Monitoring 100 4.7.2 15 kV Class Equipment 102 4.7.3 480 Volt Switchgear 102 4.7.4 Motor Control Centers and Panel Boards 103 4.7.5 Automatic Transfer Switches 103 4.7.6 Automatic Static Transfer Switches (ASTS) 104 4.7.7 Power Distribution Units 105 4.7.8 277/480 Volt Transformers 105 4.7.9 Uninterruptible Power Systems 105 4.8 Being Proactive in Evaluating Test Reports 107 4.9 Conclusion 107 5 Standby Generators: Operations and Maintenance 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 The Necessity for Standby Power 110 5.3 Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Systems 111 5.4 Standby Systems That Are Legally Required 112 5.5 Optional Standby Systems 113 5.6 Understanding Your Power Requirements 113 5.7 Management Commitment and Training 113 5.7.1 Lockout/Tagout 114 5.7.2 Training 115 5.8 Standby Generator Systems Maintenance Procedures 115 5.8.1 Maintenance Record Keeping and Data Trending 116 5.8.2 Engine 116 5.8.3 Coolant System 117 5.8.4 Control System 117 5.8.5 Generator Mechanics 117 5.8.6 Automatic and Manual Switchgear 117 5.8.7 Load Bank Testing 118 5.9 Documentation Plan 118 5.9.1 Proper Documentation and Forms 118 5.9.2 Record Keeping 119 5.10 Emergency Procedures 119 5.11 Cold Start and Load Acceptance 120 5.12 Nonlinear Load Problems 121 5.12.1 Line Notches and Harmonic Current 121 5.12.2 Step Loading 121 5.12.3 Voltage Rise 122 5.12.4 Frequency Fluctuation 122 5.12.5 Synchronizing to Bypass 122 5.12.6 Automatic Transfer Switch 123 5.13 Conclusion 123  6 Fuel Systems Design and Maintenance 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Brief Discussion on Diesel Engines 126 6.3 Bulk Storage Tank Selection 126 6.3.1 Aboveground Tanks 127 6.3.2 Modern Underground Tanks and Piping Systems 128 6.4 Codes and Standards 128 6.5 Recommended Practices for All Tanks 129 6.6 Fuel Distribution System Configuration 133 6.7 Day Tank Control System 135 6.8 Diesel Fuel and A Fuel Quality Assurance Program 139 6.8.1 Fuel Needs and Procurement Guidelines 141 6.8.2 New Fuel Shipment Prereceipt Inspection 141 6.8.3 Analysis of New Fuel Prior to Transfer to On-Site Storage 144 6.8.4 Monthly Fuel System Maintenance 145 6.8.5 Quarterly or Semiannual Monitoring of On-Site Bulk Fuel 146 6.8.6 Remediation 146 6.9 Conclusion 148 7 Power Transfer Switch Technology, Applications, and Maintenance 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Transfer Switch Technology and Applications 151 7.3 Types of Power Transfer Switches 152 7.3.1 Manual Transfer Switches 152 7.3.2 Automatic Transfer Switches 153 7.4 Control Devices 163 7.4.1 Time Delays 163 7.4.2 ln-Phase Monitor 164 7.4.3 Test Switches 165 7.4.4 Exercise Clock 165 7.4.5 Voltage and Frequency Sensing Controls 166 7.5 Design Features 166 7.5.1 Close Against High In-Rush Currents 166 7.5.2 Withstand and Closing Rating (WCR) 167 7.5.3 Carry Full Rated Current Continuously 167 7.5.4 Interrupt Current 167 7.6 Additional Characteristics and Ratings of ATS 167 7.6.1 NEMA Classification 167 7.6.2 System Voltage Ratings 168 7.6.3 ATS Sizing 168 7.6.4 Seismic Requirement 168 7.7 Installation and Commissioning, Maintenance, and Safety 168 7.7.1 Installation and Commissioning 168 7.7.2 Maintenance and Safety 170 7.7.3 Maintenance Tasks 173 7.7.4 Drawing and Manuals 173 7.7.5 Testing and Training 173 7.8 General Recommendations 176 7.9 Conclusion 176 8 Static Transfer Switch 179 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Overview 180 8.2.1 Major Components 180 8.3 Typical Static Switch, One-Line Diagram 181 8.3.1 Normal Operation 181 8.3.2 Bypass Operation 182 8.3.3 STS and STS/Transformers Configurations 183 8.4 STS Technology and Application 183 8.4,1 General Parameters 184 8.4.2 STS Location and Type 184 8.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Primary and Secondary STS/Transformer Systems 184 8.4.4 Monitoring, Data Logging, and Data Management 184 8.4.5 Downstream Device Monitoring 185 8.4.6 STS Remote Communication 185 8.4.7 Security 186 8.4,8 Human Engineering and Eliminating Human Errors 187 8.4.9 Reliability and Availability 187 8.4.10 Repairability and Maintainability 189 8.4.11 Fault Tolerance and Abnormal Operation 189 8.5 Testing 190 8.6 Conclusion 190 9 Fundamentals of Power Quality 193 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Electricity Basics 195 9.2.1 Basic Circuit 196 9.2.2 Power Factor 196 9.3 Transmission of Power 197 9.3.1 Life Cycle of Electricity 198 9.3.2 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Power Basics 199 9.3.3 Unreliable Power versus Reliable Power 201 9.4 Understanding Power Problems 202 9.4.1 Power Quality Transients 202 9.4.2 RMS Variations 204 9.4.3 Causes of Power Line Disturbances 207 9.4.4 Power Line Disturbance Levels 212 9.5 Tolerances of Computer Equipment 212 9.5.1 CBEMA Curve 214 9.5.2 ITIC Curve 215 9.5.3 Purpose of Curves 215 9.6 Power Monitoring 215 9.7 The Deregulation Wildcard 217 9.8 Conclusion 221 10 UPS Systems: Applications and Maintenance with an Overview of Green Technologies 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.1.1 Green Technologies and Reliability Overview 223 10.2 Purpose of UPS Systems 225 10.3 General Description of UPS Systems 228 10.3.1 What is a UPS System? 228 10.3.2 How Does a UPS System Work? 228 10.3.3 Static UPS Systems 229 10.3.4 Online 230 10.3.5 Double Conversion 230 10.3.6 Double Conversion UPS Power Path 231 10.4 Components of a Static UPS System 232 10.4.1 Power Control Devices 232 10.5 Online Line Interactive UPS Systems 238 10.6 Offline (Standby) 239 10.7 The Evolution of Static UPS Technology 240 10.7.1 Emergence of the IGBT 240 10.7.2 Two- and Three-Level Rectifier/Inverter Topology 241 10.8 Rotary UPS Systems 242 10.8.1 UPSs Using Diesel 243 10.8.2 Hybrid UPS Systems 244 10.9 Redundancy, Configurations, and Topology 245 10.9.1 N Configuration 245 10.9.2 N+1 Configuration 246 10.9.3 Isolated Redundant Configuration 246 10.9.4 N+2 Configurati on 246 10.9.5 2N Configuration 248 10.9.6 2N+ 1 Configuration 248 10.9.7 Distributed Redundant/Catcher UPS 249 10.9.8 Eco-Mode for Static UPS 249 10.9.9 Availability Calculations 250 10.10 Energy Storage Devices 251 10.10.1 Battery 251 10.10.2 Flywheel Energy 255 10.11 UPS Maintenance and Testing 256 10.11.1 Physical Preventive Maintenance (PM) 257 10,11,2 Protection Settings, Calibration, and Guidelines 258 10.11.3 Functional Load Testing 258 10.11.4 Steady-State Load Test 259 10.11.5 Steady-State Load Test at 0%, 50%, and 100% of Load 259 10.11.6 Harmonic Analysis and Testing 259 10.11.7 Filter Integrity and Testing 260 10.11.8 Transient Response Load Test 261 10.11.9 Module Fault Test 261 10.11.10 Battery Rundown Test 261 10.12 Static UPS and Maintenance 262 10.13 UPS Management 262 10.14 Conclusion 263 11 Data Center Cooling Systems 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Background Information 266 11.3 Cooling within Datacom Rooms 266 11.4 Cooling Systems 267 11.4,1 Air Side 267 11.4.2 Cooling-Medium Side 267 11.5 Components Outside the Datacom Room 269 11.5.1 Refrigeration Equipment—Chillers 269 11.5.2 Heat-Rejection Equipment 273 11.5.3 Energy-Recovery Equipment 282 11.5.4 Heat Exchangers 287 11.6 Components Inside the Datacom Rooms 290 11.6,1 CRAC Units 290 11.7 Conclusion 295 12 Data Center Cooling Efficiency: Concepts and Advanced Technologies 297 12.1 Introduction 297 12.1.1 Data Center Efficiency Measurement 12.2 Heat Transfer Inside Data Centers 300 12.2.1 Heat Generation 301 12.2.2 Heat Return 302 12.2.3 Cooling Air 302 12.3 Cooling and Other Airflow Topics 303 12.3.1 Leakage 303 12.3.2 Mixing and Its Relationship to Efficiency 303 12.3.3 Recirculation 303 12.3.4 Venturi Effect 304 12.3.5 Vortex Effect 304 12.3.6 CRAC/CRAH Types 304 12.3.7 Potential CRAC Operation Issues 305 12.3.8 Sensible Versus Latent Cooling 305 12.3.9 Humidity Control 307 12.3.10 CRAC Fighting—Too Many CRACs 308 12.4 Design Approaches for Data Center Cooling 308 12.4.1 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle 308 12.4.2 Cold-Aisle Containment 309 12.4.3 In-Row Cooling with Hot-Aisle Containment 309 12.4.4 Overhead Supplemental Cooling 309 12.4.5 Chimney or Ducted Returns 310 12.4.6 Advanced Active Airflow Management for Server Cabinets 310 12.5 Additional Considerations 310 12.5.1 Active Air Movement 310 12.5.2 Adaptive Capacity 311 12.5.3 Liquid Cooling 311 12.5.4 Cold Storage 312 12.6 Hardware and Associated Efficiencies 312 12.6.1 Server Efficiency 312 12.6.2 Server Virtualization 313 12.6.3 Multicore Processors 313 12.6.4 Blade Servers 313 12.6.5 Energy-Efficient Servers 313 12.6.6 Power Managed Servers 313 12.6.7 Effects of Dynamic Server Loads on Cooling 313 12.7 Best Practices 314 12.8 Efficiency Problem Solving 314 12.9 Conclusion 316 12.10 Conversions, Formulas, Guidelines 316 13 Raised Access Floors 317 13.1 Introduction 317 13.1.1 What is an Access Floor? 317 13.1.2 What are Typical Applications for Access Floors? 318 13.1.3 Why Use an Access Floor? 319 13.2 Design Considerations 319 13.2.1 Determine the Structural Performance Required 320 13.2.2 Determine the Required Finished Floor Height 322 13.2.3 Determine the Understructure Support Design Type Required 323 13.2.4 Determine the Appropriate Floor Finish 325 13.2.5 Airflow Requirements 326 13.3 Safety Concerns 328 13.3.1 Removal and Reinstallation of Panels 328 13.3.2 Removing Panels 328 13.3.3 Stringer Systems 330 13.3.4 Protection of the Floor from Heavy Loads 331 13.3.5 Grounding the Access Floor 336 13.3.6 Fire Protection 337 13.3.7 Zinc Whiskers 337 13.4 Panel Cutting 328 13.4.1 Safety Requirements for Cutting Panels 328 13.4.2 Guidelines for Cutting Panels 328 13.4.3 Cutout Locations in Panel—Supplemental Support for Cut Panels 338 13.4.4 Saws and Blades for Panel Cutting 339 13.4.5 Interior Cutout Procedure 339 13.4.6 Round Cutout Procedure 339 13.4.7 Installing Protective Trim Around Cut Edges 340 13.4.8 Cutting and Installing the Trim 340 13.5 Access Floor Maintenance 340 13.5.1 Best Practices for Standard High-Pressure Laminate Floor Tile (HPL) and for Vinyl Conductive and Static Dissipative Tile 341 13.5.2 Damp Mopping Procedure for HPL and Conductive and Static Dissipative Vinyl Tile 342 13.5.3 Cleaning the Floor Cavity 342 13.6 Troubleshooting 343 13.6.1 Making Pedestal Height Adjustments 343 13.6.2 Rocking Panel Condition 343 13.6.3 Panel Lipping Condition (Panel Sitting High) 343 13.6.4 Out-of-Square Stringer Grid (Twisted Grid) 344 13.6.5 Tipping at Perimeter Panels 345 13.6.6 Tight Floor or Loose Floor—Floor Systems Laminated with HPL Tile 345 13.7 Additional Design Considerations 346 13.7.1 LEED Certification 346 13.7.2 Energy Efficiency—Hot and Cold Air Containment 346 13.7.3 Airflow Distribution and CFD Analysis 347 13.8 Conclusion 354 14 Fire Protection in Mission Critical Infrastructures 357 14.1 Introduction 357 14.2 Philosophy 358 14.3 Alarm and Notification 359 14.4 Early Detection 361 14.5 Fire Suppression 362 14.6 System Designs 364 14.6.1 Stages of a Fire 364 14.6.2 Fire and Building Codes 365 14.7 Fire Detection 366 14.8 Fire Suppression Systems 374 14.8.1 Water Mist Systems 379 14.8.2 Carbon Dioxide Systems 382 14.8.3 Clean Agent Systems 384 14.8.4 Inert Gas Agents 384 14.8.5 IG-541 385 14.8.6 IG-55 385 14.8.7 Chemical Clean Agents 386 14.8.8 Portable Fire Extinguishers 390 14.8.9 Clean Agents and the Environment 390 14.8.10 Conclusion 391 Appendix A Policies and Regulations 393 A.1 Introduction 393 A.2 Industry Policies and Regulations 395 A.2.1 USA PATRIOT Act 396 A.2.2 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 397 A.2.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 399 A.2.4 Executive Order 13423—Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management 399 A.2.5 IS027000 Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) 400 A.2.6 The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets 403 A.2.7 2009 National Infrastructure Protection Plan 404 A.2.8 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection Program 405 A.2.9 U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) 405 A.2.10 Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S, Financial System 405 A.2.11 C4I—Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence 407 A.2.12 Basel II Accord 408 A.2.13 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 408 A.2.14 Business Continuity Management Agencies and Regulating Organizations410 A.2.15 FFIEC—Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 412 A.2.16 National Fire Prevention Association 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs 412 A.2.17 Private Sector Preparedness Act 414 A.3 Data Protection 414 A.4 Encryption 416 A.4.1 Protecting Critical Data through Security and Vaulting 417 A.5 Business Continuity Plan (BCP) 417 A. 6 Conclusion 419 Appendix B Consolidated List of Key Questions 421 Appendix C Airflow Management: A Systems Approach 441 C.l Introduction 441 C.2 Control is the Key 442 C.2.1 Benefits of Control 444 C.3 Obtaining Control 445 C.3.1 Lower Return Air ΔT Versus Higher ΔT 445 C.4 Air Management Technologies 451 C.4.1 In-Row Cooling 452 C.4.2 Overhead Cooling 452 C.4.3 Containment Strategies 452 C.4.4 Active-Air Management 453 C.4.5 A Benchmark Study for Comparison 454 C.5 Conclusion 456 Glossary 459 Bibliography 473 Index 479