This cutting-edge sourcebook for teachers provides a comprehensive vision of effective second language teaching and explores ways to create meaningful interaction leading to emergent participatory language teaching. The fourth edition of Making It Happen presents a cyclic approach to theory and practice, in which theory and practice constantly inform each other. Features Strategies for teaching children, adolescents, and adults from beginning to advanced levels Am emphasis on peer- and self-evaluation in simulated and real classrooms A practical reservoir for teachers as they develop their own methodologies and local practice Discussions of issues critical to program development, lesson design, materials selection, video use, teacher research, and professional development (including SIOP) Case studies from kindergarten through university level to stimulate professional dialog   New to This Edition Separate chapters on implicit/explicit teaching and on sociocultural/cognitive synthesis Sections on form-focus strategies, World Englishes, research directions, corpus analysis, dialogical assessment, and the Acoma heritage language program Updated research that reflects influential thinking for the 21st century Also by Patricia A. Richard-Amata (with Marguerite Ann Snow): Academic Success for English Language Learners: Strategies for K-12 Mainstream Teachers

Table of Contents:
  PART I     THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS                         Exploring Your Current Beliefs About Learning and Teaching Languages     Chapter 1        FROM GRAMMAR-BASED TO COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE                         Questions to Think About                         Grammar-Based Approaches                         Chomsky’s Contributions                         The Connectionist                         Communicative Approaches                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter2         THE PROCESS OF LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE IN THE CLASSROOM: A COGNITIVE VIEW                         Questions to Think About                         The Interaction Approach                         The Process of Learning a Second Language                         Error Treatment                         Instructed Grammar                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Reading and Reference Materials   Chapter 3        TOWARD A SOCIOCULTURAL/COGNITIVE MODEL                         Questions to Think About                         A Comparison of L1 and L2 Language Acquisition                         Information-Processing Models                         Where Do We Go from Here?                         Vygotsky’s Sociocultural/Cognitive Perspective                         A Proposed Dialogical Model for Second Language Acquisition                         Summary                         Question and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Reading and Reference Materials   Chapter 4        EMERGENT PARTICIPATORY LANGUAGE TEACHING                         Questions to Think About                         Empowerment in the Language Classroom                         A Working Description of Participatory Language Teaching                         Participatory Practices                         Meeting Standards Through Participatory Teaching                         Common Misunderstandings                         Enabling Students Through Strategic Learning                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 5        DEVELOPING SKILLS: IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT TEACHING STRATEGIES                         Questions to Think About                         Implicit and Explicit: What’s the Difference?                         Skills Integration                         Needs Assessment: Product or Process Oriented?                         Teaching Strategies for Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing                         Critical Literacy                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflections and Discussion                         Suggested Reading and Reference Materials   Chapter 6        THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN                         Questions to Think About                         Attitudes                         Motivation                         Level of Anxiety                         Related Factors                         Creating a Positive School and Community Environment                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Reading and Reference Materials   Chapter 7        LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT AND STANDARDS                         Questions to Think About                         Language Tests: A Traditional Framework                         Test Evaluation, Selection, and Development                         Determining Placement                         Making Assessment an Integral Part of the Classroom Environment                         Identifying and Assessing Learner Outcomes                         Standard for Second and Foreign Language Teaching in the United States                         A Dialogical Approach to Assessment                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials       PART II          EXPLORING METHODS AND ACTIVITIES                         Interactive Methods and Activities                         Adapting the Content of Activities     Chapter 8        PHYSICAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE LANGUAGE LEARNING PROCESS                         Questions to Think About                         The Total Physical Response: Taking Another Look                         Total Physical Response Storytelling                         The Audio-Motor Unit                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 9        INTERACTIVE PRACTICES                         Questions to Think About                         The Natural Approach Revisited                         Modifying and Enhancing Instruction in the Language Classroom                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 10      CHANTS, MUSIC, AND POETRY                         Questions to Think About                         Chants                         Music                         Poetry                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 11      STORYTELLING, ROLE PLAY, AND DRAMA                         Questions to Think About                         Warm-Ups                         Storytelling                         Role Play                         Drama                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 12      GAMES                         Questions to Think About                         Nonverbal Games                         Board-Advancing Games                         Word-Focus Games                         Treasure Hunts                         Guessing Games                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 13      WAYS TO PROMOTE LITERACY DEVELOPMENT                         Questions to Think About                         The Language Experience Approach                         Literature-Based Curriculum                         Writing Workshops                         Advance Academic Literacy                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 14      AFFECTIVE ACTIVITES                         Questions to Think About                         What do Learner Value?                         What Role Can Teachers Play During Affective Activities?                         When Can Affective Activities Be Used?                         Other Important Considerations                         Preparing Students for Affective Activities                         Activities to Further Identify Development                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials       PART III        PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: SOME PRACTICAL ISSUES                         Second Language Programs                         Foreign Language Programs                         Teachers New to a Particular Culture     Chapter 15      DEVISING A PLAN                         Questions to Think About                         Integrating Methods, Strategies, and Activities into a Flexible Curriculum                         Structuring Lessons                         Themes Cycle/Investigative Inquiry                         Infusing Standards into the Curriculum                         Deciding the Focus of the Instruction: Proficiency-Based, Task-Based, or Content-Based                         Using Peer Facilitators and Lay Assistants                         Cooperative Learning as a Management Technique                         Working with Large and Mixed-Level Classes                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 16      TOOLS FOR TEACHING LAGUAGES: TEXTBOOKS, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, AND VIDEOS                         Questions to Think About                         Textbooks                         Computer Programs                         Videos                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials   Chapter 17      TEACHING LANGUAGE THROUGH THE CONTENT AREAS AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT                         Questions to Think About                         Submersion                         Immersion                          Bilingual Education in the United States                         Program Possibilities for English Learners                         Program Possibilities for Foreign Language Students                         Professional Development: Teacher Research, Observation, and Evaluation                         Summary                         Questions and Projects for Reflection and Discussion                         Suggested Readings and Reference Materials       PART IV        PROGRAMS IN ACTION   Chapter 18      ESL PROGRAMS                         A College English Language Program                         A University Support Program: Project LEAP                         A Life-Skills Adult Basic Education Program                         A Secondary Sheltered English Program                         An Elementary District-Wide Program                         A Kindergarten ESL Program within a Spanish Bilingual School   Chapter 19      FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROGRAMS                         A Village Immersion Program for Global Understanding, Language Development, and Maintenance                         A French Immersion Program for Elementary Students                         A Bicultural Institute for Children, Adolescent, and Adults                         A Middle School Spanish Program                         A High School Spanish Program   Chapter 20      TWO-WAY BILINGUAL AND HERITAGE TRIBAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMS                         A Developmental Spanish/English Program                         An Immersion Cantonese/English Language Program                         Maintaining American Indian Languages: A Pueblo Indian Language Immersion Program by Christine Sims, Acoma Pueblo     PART V          CASE STUDIES: TEACHER NARRATION TO STIMULATE PROFESSIONAL DIALOGUE                         Case Study 1:  Motivating Beto (Kindergarten)                         Case Study 2:   My “Good Year” Explodes: Bringing in the Parents (Elementary School)                         Case Study 3:  Please, Not Another ESL Student (Middle School)                         Case Study 4:   Conflict Resolution on Campus (High School)                         Case Study 5:   A Multicultural Challenge (College/University)       REFERENCES