The chemical process industry is a rich target for cyber attackers who are intent on causing harm.  Current risk management techniques are based on the premise that events are initiated by a single failure and the succeeding sequence of events is predictable. A cyberattack on the Safety, Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) undermines this basic assumption.  Each facility should have a Cybersecurity Policy, Implementation Plan and Threat Response Plan in place.  The response plan should address how to bring the process to a safe state when controls and safety systems are compromised. The emergency response plan should be updated to reflect different actions that may be appropriate in a sabotage situation.  IT professionals, even those working at chemical facilities are primarily focused on the risk to business systems. This book contains guidelines for companies on how to improve their process safety performance by applying Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) concepts and techniques to the problem of cybersecurity.

Table of Contents:
List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxiii Acknowledgments xxix Preface xxxiii Part 1: Introduction, Background, and History of Cybersecurity 1 1 Purpose of this Book 1 1.1 Target Audience 6 1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 6 1.3 What is Operational Technology (OT)? 10 1.4 Which industries have OT? 13 1.5 Scope 15 1.6 Organization of the Book 17 2 Types of Cyber-Attacks, Who Engages in Them and Why 19 2.1 Types of Cyber-Attacks 19 2.2 Who Commits Cybercrimes and Their Motives 26 2.3 Summary 30 3 Types of Risk Receptors / Targets 33 3.1 What is Cybersecurity Risk 35 3.2 What are Common Cybersecurity Targets? 38 3.3 Types of Cybersecurity Consequences 43 3.4 Summary 45 4 Threat Sources and Types of Attacks 47 4.1 Non-Targeted Attacks 49 4.2 Targeted Attacks 53 4.3 Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) 58 4.4 Summary 62 5 Who Could Create a Cyber Risk? Insider vs Outsider Threats 65 5.1 Insider Cybersecurity Risk 65 5.2 Outsider Cybersecurity Risk 69 5.3 Summary 71 6 Case Histories 73 6.1 Maroochy Shire 73 6.2 Stuxnet 77 6.3 German Steel Mill 81 6.4 Ukrainian Power Grid 84 6.5 NotPetya 91 6.6 Triton 95 6.7 Düsseldorf Hospital Ransomware 99 6.8 SolarWinds 101 6.9 Florida Water System 105 6.10 Colonial Pipeline Ransomware 107 6.11 Summary 110 Part 2: Integrating Cybersecurity Management into the Process Safety Framework 113 7 General Model for Understanding Cybersecurity Risk 113 7.1 Cybersecurity Lifecycle 113 7.2 Integrated Cybersecurity and Safety Lifecycle 121 7.3 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 129 7.4 Summary 138 8 Designing a Secure Industrial Automation and Control System 141 8.1 The Disconnect between IT and OT Risk Management 141 8.2 Inherently Safer vs Inherently More Secure 146 8.3 Defense-in-Depth 149 8.4 Network Segmentation 153 8.5 System Hardening 173 8.6 Security Monitoring 176 8.7 Risk Compatibility Assessment 180 8.8 Summary 182 9 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) 183 9.1 Use of Process Safety Tools to Identify and Manage Cybersecurity Risk 185 9.2 Qualitative Methods 187 9.3 Quantitative Methods 217 9.4 How to Prioritize Risk Reduction Measures? 231 9.5 Revalidation/Reassessment 232 9.6 Summary 233 10 Manage the Risk 235 10.1 Management Approach 235 10.2 Initial Steps 236 10.3 Cybersecurity Culture 240 10.4 Compliance with Standards 242 10.5 Cybersecurity Competency 246 10.6 Workforce Involvement 248 10.7 Stakeholder Outreach 251 10.8 Process Knowledge Management 252 10.9 Operating Procedures 256 10.10 Safe Work Practices 259 10.11 Management of Change 262 10.12 Asset Integrity and Reliability 266 10.13 Contractor Management 272 10.14 Training and Performance Assurance 275 10.15 Operational Readiness 278 10.16 Conduct of Operations 281 10.17 Emergency Management 285 10.18 Incident Investigation 290 10.19 Measurements and Metrics 295 10.20 Auditing 300 10.21 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 304 10.22 Summary 307 11 Implementing a Holistic Approach to Safety and Cybersecurity 311 11.1 Cybersecurity Management Systems (CSMS) 312 11.2 Integrating CSMS with Process Safety Management 327 11.3 Summary 334 Part 3: Where Do We Go from Here? 337 12 What’s Next? A Look at Future Development Opportunities 337 12.1 Cybersecurity Adoption Trends 338 12.2 Emerging Technologies 350 12.3 Summary 353 13 Available Resources 355 13.1 Local, Regional, and Global Topics 355 13.2 Cybersecurity Incident Repositories 362 13.3 Competency Requirements and Training Availability 363 13.4 Administration vs Accountability Functions 368 13.5 Summary 370 Appendix A Excerpt from NIST Cybersecurity Framework 371 Appendix B Detailed Cybersecurity PHA and LOPA Example 377 B.1 System Basis 377 B.2 Initial Risk Assessment 382 B.3 Detailed Risk Assessment (Cyber PHA/HAZOP) 387 B.4 LOPA/ Semi-Quantitative SL Verification 405 Appendix c Example Cybersecurity Metrics 411 Appendix D Cybersecurity Sample Audit Question List 413 Appendix E Management System Review Examples 419 References 421 Index 437