This essential handbook and ready reference offers a detailed overview of the existing and currently researched technologies available for the control of mercury in coal-derived gas streams and that are viable for meeting the strict standards set by environmental protection agencies. Written by an internationally acclaimed author team from government agencies, academia and industry, it details US, EU, Asia-Pacific and other international perspectives, regulations and guidelines.

Table of Contents:
Preface PART I: Mercury in the Environment: Origin, Fate, and Regulation MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT Introduction Mercury as a Chemical Element Direct Uses of Mercury Atmospheric Transport and Deposition Atmospheric Reactions and Lifetime Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling MERCURY AND HALOGENS IN COAL Introduction Mercury in U.S. Coals Mercury in International Coals Halogens in Coals Summary REGULATIONS U.S. Regulations INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION AND TRENDS Introduction International Legislation Regional and National Legislation Summary PART II: Mercury Measurement in Coal Gas CONTINUOUS MERCURY MONITORS FOR FOSSIL FUEL-FIRED UTILITIES Introduction Components of a CMM Installation and Verification Requirements Major CMM Tests CMM Vendors BATCH METHODS FOR MERCURY MONITORING Introduction Wet Chemistry Batch Methods Dry Batch Methods Recommendations PART III: Mercury Chemistry in Coal Utilization Systems and Air Pollution Control Devices MERCURY BEHAVIOR IN COAL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS Introduction Coal Combustion Boilers Mercury Chemistry in Combustion Systems Air Pollution Control Devices on Utility and Industrial Boilers Mercury Behavior in Coal-Fired Boilers Summary GASIFICATION SYSTEMS Principles of Coal Gasification Gasification Technologies Overview and Gasifier Descriptions Gasification Applications and Downstream Gas Cleanup and Processing Mercury Transformations and Fate Hg Measurement in a Reducing Environment Hg Control Technologies for Gasification Hg and the MATS Rule for Gasifiers MERCURY EMISSIONS CONTROL FOR THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Introduction Cement Manufacturing Process Description State of Knowledge on the Source and Behavior of Mercury in the Cement Kiln System Mercury Emissions Control Solutions in the Cement Industry Conclusions PART IV: Mercury Research Programs in the United States DOE'S MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM Introduction Background Summary U.S. EPA RESEARCH PROGRAM Introduction Congressionally Mandated Studies Control Technology from Work on Municipal Waste Combustors (MWCs) Mercury Chemistry, Adsorption, and Sorbent Development Coal Combustion Residues and By-Products EPA SBIR Progra THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE'S PROGRAM TO CONTROL MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS Introduction Co-Benefits of Installed Controls Sorbent Injection Boiler Chemical Addition Novel Concepts for Mercury Control Integration of Controls for Mercury with Controls for Other Air Pollutants Summary PART V: Mercury Control Processes MERCURY CONTROL USING COMBUSTION MODIFICATION Mercury Speciation in Coal-Fired Power Plants without Added Catalysts Role of Unburned Carbon in Mercury Oxidation and Adsorption Synergistic Relationship between UBC and Calcium in Flyash Potential Combustion Modification Strategies to Mitigate Mercury Emissions Effects of Combustion Modifications on Mercury Oxidation across SCR Catalysts FUEL AND FLUE-GAS ADDITIVES Background Summary CATALYSTS FOR THE OXIDATION OF MERCURY Introduction Hg Oxidation and Affecting Parameters Conclusions and Future Research MERCURY CAPTURE IN WET FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SYSTEMS Introduction Fate of Net Mercury Removed by Wet FGD Systems Mercury Reemissions Effects of Flue Gas Mercury Oxidation Technologies on FGD Capture of Mercury INTRODUCTION TO CARBON SORBENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL Carbon Materials Carbon Activation Carbon Particle Shapes and Forms Activated Carbon Applications Activated Carbon Properties in Emission Systems Summary ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION Introduction The Activated Carbon Injection System Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Activated Carbon Balance-of-Plant Impacts Future Considerations HALOGENATED CARBON SORBENTS Introduction Application of Activated Carbon for Mercury Control Development of Halogenated Activated Carbon CONCRETE-COMPATIBLE ACTIVATED CARBON Introduction Concrete-Compatibility Metrics Production of Concrete-Compatible Products Including C-PAC (TM) C-PAC (TM) Specification Concrete Compatibility Test - Field Fly Ash / C-PAC (TM) Mixture NOVEL CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES: NON-CARBON SORBENTS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATIONS Introduction Non-Carbon Sorbents Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas SORBENTS FOR GASIFICATION PROCESSES Introduction Background Warm/Humid Gas Temperature Mercury Sorbent Capture Techniques Cold Gas Cleanup of Mercury Summary PART VI: Modeling of Mercury Chemistry in Air Pollution Control Devices MERCURY-CARBON SURFACE CHEMISTRY Nature of the Bonding of Mercury to the Carbon Surface Effects of Acid Gases on Mercury Capacities on Carbon Kinetic HCI Effect Summary ATOMISTIC-LEVEL MODELS Introduction Homogeneous Mercury Oxidation Kinetics Heterogeneous Chemistry Conclusions and Future Work PREDICTING Hg EMISSIONS RATES WITH DEVICE-LEVEL MODELS AND REACTION MECHANISMS Introduction and Scope The Reaction System Hg Transformations Summary