Microconstituents in the Environment Comprehensive introduction to managing novel pollutants commonly released into the environment through industrial and everyday processes Microconstituents in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management provides the readers with an understanding of the occurrence and fate of microconstituents, pollutants that have not previously been detected or regulated under current environmental laws or may cause known or suspected adverse ecological and/or human health effects even at insignificant levels, covering their presence in the environment and possible management strategies. The text is practice-oriented and evaluates a wide range of technologies for pollutant removal and how to implement them in the field. In Microconstituents in the Environment, readers will find information on: Fundamental ideas regarding microconstituents, including their classification, major sources, and detection methods, and their removal via biological treatment techniques Fate and transport of microconstituents in various environmental domains, including mathematical modeling based on remote sensing techniques Physicochemical treatment techniques for microconstituents, including precipitation, absorption, filtration, membrane separation, and oxidation Sustainability and environmental management, including the regulatory framework and requirements for developing a new field application, plus an outlook on green design concepts With its emphasis on management and remediation, Microconstituents in the Environment is a highly useful one-stop resource on the subject for environmental scientists, modelers, government agencies, and research scientists working in the field of environmental pollution.

Table of Contents:
Preface xix List of Contributors xxi About the Editors xxix Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1 1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3 Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5 1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10 1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17 1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18 1.6 The Structure of the Book 24 1.7 Conclusions 26 2 Occurrence 37 Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40 2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40 2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49 2.5 Conclusions 49 3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55 Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56 3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63 3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73 3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77 3.6 Conclusions 79 4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89 Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91 4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92 4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94 4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94 4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95 4.7 Risk Assessment 98 4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99 4.9 Conclusions 99 Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107 5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109 Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111 5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112 5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117 5.5 Application of Models 123 5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126 5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126 5.8 Conclusions 129 6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133 Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134 6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135 6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136 6.5 Limitations 139 6.6 Concluding Remarks 139 7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143 Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143 7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152 7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157 7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161 7.6 Conclusions 172 8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181 Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183 8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189 8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191 8.5 Conclusions 194 9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203 Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206 9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209 9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210 9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211 9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213 9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214 9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215 9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216 9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217 9.11 Future Scope of Research 218 9.12 Conclusions 219 10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227 Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao 10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227 10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230 10.3 Emerging and Application 233 10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236 10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237 10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241 10.7 Conclusions 242 Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247 11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249 Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251 11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257 11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264 11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266 12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273 Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia 12.1 Introduction 273 12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274 12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276 12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280 12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281 12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282 12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290 12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295 12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296 12.10 Conclusions 297 13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303 Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi 13.1 Introduction 303 13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304 13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306 13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310 13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312 13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313 13.7 Summary 316 14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321 Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323 14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323 14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332 14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354 14.6 Membrane Fouling 355 14.7 Future Perspectives 358 14.8 Conclusions 358 15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367 Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia 15.1 Introduction 367 15.2 Classification of AOPs 369 15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370 15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370 15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374 15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374 15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376 15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376 15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377 15.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378 15.11 Future Perspectives 390 15.12 Conclusions 392 Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405 16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407 Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 408 16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411 16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415 16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418 16.6 Conclusions 419 17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427 Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang 17.1 Introduction 427 17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428 17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433 17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436 17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445 17.6 Conclusions 446 18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455 Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455 18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457 18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461 18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466 18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469 18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474 18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476 18.8 Summary 478 19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491 Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491 19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492 19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506 19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507 Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513 20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515 Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao 20.1 Introduction 515 20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515 20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516 20.4 Concluding Remarks 520 21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525 Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525 21.1 Introduction 525 21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530 21.3 Future Outlook 540 21.4 Conclusions 540 22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545 Tsai Chi Kuo 22.1 Introduction 545 22.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 547 22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549 22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552 22.5 Social Sustainability 553 22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554 22.6.3 Conclusions 555 List of Abbreviations 565 Index 577