Molecular Fluorescence

This second edition of the well-established bestseller is completely updated and revised with approximately 30 % additional material, including two new chapters on applications, which has seen the most significant developments.

The comprehensive overview written at an introductory level covers fundamental aspects, principles of instrumentation and practical applications, while providing many valuable tips.

For photochemists and photophysicists, physical chemists, molecular physicists, biophysicists, biochemists and biologists, lecturers and students of chemistry, physics, and biology.

INTRODUCTION

What Is Luminescence?

A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Photoluminescence of Organic and Inorganic Species: Fluorescence or Phosphorescence?

Various De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules

Fluorescent Probes, Indicators, Labels, and Tracers

Ultimate Temporal and Spatial Resolution: Femtoseconds, Femtoliters, Femtomoles, and Single-Molecule Detection

PART I: PRINCIPLES

ABSORPTION OF ULTRAVIOLET, VISIBLE, AND NEAR-INFRARED RADIATION

Electronic Transitions

Transition Probabilities: The Beer - Lambert Law, Oscillator Strength

Selection Rules

The Franck -Condon Principle

Multiphoton Absorption and Harmonic Generation

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCENCE EMISSION

Radiative and Nonradiative Transitions between Electronic States

Lifetimes and Quantum Yields

Emission and Excitation Spectra

STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSION

Effects of the Molecular Structure of Organic Molecules on Their Fluorescence

Fluorescence of Conjugated Polymers (CPs)

Luminescence of Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Dots

Luminescence of Metal Compounds, Metal Complexes, and Metal Clusters

Luminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSION

Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Band Broadening - Red-Edge Effects

General Considerations on Solvent Effects

Solvent Relaxation Subsequent to Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT)

Theory of Solvatochromic Shifts

Effects of Specific Interactions

Empirical Scales of Solvent Polarity

Viscosity Effects

Fluorescence in Gas Phase: Supersonic Jets

EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR PHOTOPHYSICAL PROCESSES ON FLUORESCENCE

EMISSION

Introduction

Overview of the Intermolecular De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules Leading to Fluorescence Quenching

Photoinduced Electron Transfer

Formation of Excimers and Exciplexes

Photoinduced Proton Transfer

FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION: EMISSION ANISOTROPY

Polarized Light and Photoselection of Absorbing Molecules

Characterization of the Polarization State of Fluorescence (Polarization Ratio and Emission Anisotropy)

Instantaneous and Steady-State Anisotropy

Additivity Law of Anisotropy

Relation between Emission Anisotropy and Angular Distribution of the Emission Transition Moments

Case of Motionless Molecules with Random Orientation

Effect of Rotational Motion

Applications

EXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFER

Introduction

Distinction between Radiative and Nonradiative Transfer

Radiative Energy Transfer

Nonradiative Energy Transfer

Determination of Distances at a Supramolecular Level Using FRET

FRET in Ensembles of Donors and Acceptors

FRET between Like Molecules: Excitation Energy Migration in Assemblies of Chromophores

Overview of Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of FRET

PART II: TECHNIQUES

STEADY-STATE SPECTROFL UOROMETRY

Operating Principles of a Spectrofl uorometer

Correction of Excitation Spectra

Correction of Emission Spectra

Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yields

Possible Artifacts in Spectrofl uorometry

Measurement of Steady-State Emission Anisotropy: Polarization Spectra

TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUES

Basic Equations of Pulse and Phase-Modulation Fluorimetries

Pulse Fluorimetry

Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry

Artifacts in Time-Resolved Fluorimetry

Data Analysis

Lifetime Standards

Time-Resolved Polarization Measurements

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectra

Lifetime-Based Decomposition of Spectra

Comparison between Single-Photon Timing Fluorimetry and Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

Wide-Field (Conventional), Confocal, and Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopies

Super-Resolution (Subdiffraction) Techniques

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)

Applications

FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY AND SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE

SPECTROSCOPY

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy

PART III: APPLICATIONS

EVALUATION OF LOCAL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT PROBES

Fluorescent Probes for Polarity

Estimation of 'Microviscosity', Fluidity, and Molecular Mobility

Temperature

Pressure

CHEMICAL SENSING VIA FLUORESCENCE

Introduction

Various Approaches of Fluorescence Sensing

Fluorescent pH Indicators 412 Transfer (PET)

Design Principles of Fluorescent Molecular Sensors Based on Ion or Molecule Recognition

Fluorescent Molecular Sensors of Metal Ions

Fluorescent Molecular Sensors of Anions

Fluorescent Molecular Sensors of Neutral Molecules

Fluorescence Sensing of Gases

Sensing Devices

Remote Sensing by Fluorescence LIDAR

AUTOFL UORESCENCE AND FLUORESCENCE LABELING IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Introduction

Natural (Intrinsic) Chromophores and Fluorophores

Fluorescent Proteins (FPs)

Fluorescent Small Molecules

Quantum Dots and Other Luminescent Nanoparticles

Conclusion

MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS

Fluorescent Whitening Agents

Fluorescent Nondestructive Testing

Food Science

Forensics

Counterfeit Detection

Fluorescence in Art

APPENDIX: CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

INDEX