Design, implement, and integrate a complete data sanitization program In Net Zeros and Ones: How Data Erasure Promotes Sustainability, Privacy, and Security, a well-rounded team of accomplished industry veterans delivers a comprehensive guide to managing permanent and sustainable data erasure while complying with regulatory, legal, and industry requirements. In the book, you’ll discover the why, how, and when of data sanitization, including why it is a crucial component in achieving circularity within IT operations. You will also learn about future-proofing yourself against security breaches and data leaks involving your most sensitive information—all while being served entertaining industry anecdotes and commentary from leading industry personalities. The authors also discuss: Several new standards on data erasure, including the soon-to-be published standards by the IEEE and ISO How data sanitization strengthens a sustainability or Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) program How to adhere to data retention policies, litigation holds, and regulatory frameworks that require certain data to be retained for specific timeframes An ideal resource for ESG, data protection, and privacy professionals, Net Zeros and Ones will also earn a place in the libraries of application developers and IT asset managers seeking a one-stop explanation of how data erasure fits into their data and asset management programs.

Table of Contents:
Foreword xv Introduction xix Chapter 1 End of Life for Data 1 1.1 Growth of Data 3 1.2 Managing Data 4 1.2.1 Discovery 4 1.2.2 Classification 5 1.2.3 Risk 6 1.3 Data Loss 6 1.3.1 Accidental 7 1.3.2 Theft 7 1.3.3 Dumpster Diving 9 1.4 Encryption 9 1.5 Data Discovery 9 1.6 Regulations 10 1.7 Security 10 1.8 Legal Discovery 11 1.9 Data Sanitization 12 1.10 Ecological and Economic Considerations 13 1.10.1 Ecological 13 1.10.2 Economic 13 1.11 Summary: Proactive Risk Reduction and Reactive End of Life 14 Chapter 2 Where Are We, and How Did We Get Here? 15 2.1 Digital Data Storage 16 2.2 Erasing Magnetic Media 17 2.3 History of Data Erasure 17 2.3.1 The Beginnings of Commercial Data Erasure 19 2.3.2 Darik’s Boot and Nuke (DBAN) 19 2.4 Summary 21 Chapter 3 Data Sanitization Technology 23 3.1 Shredding 24 3.2 Degaussing 24 3.3 Overwriting 25 3.4 Crypto- Erase 27 3.5 Erasing Solid- State Drives 28 3.6 Bad Blocks 29 3.7 Data Forensics 29 3.8 Summary 31 Chapter 4 Information Lifecycle Management 33 4.1 Information Lifecycle Management vs. Data Lifecycle Management 33 4.2 Information Lifecycle Management 34 4.2.1 Lifecycle Stages 34 4.3 Data Security Lifecycle 35 4.3.1 Stages for Data Security Lifecycle 36 4.4 Data Hygiene 36 4.5 Data Sanitization 37 4.5.1 Physical Destruction 37 4.5.2 Cryptographic Erasure 37 4.5.3 Data Erasure 38 4.6 Summary 39 Chapter 5 Regulatory Requirements 41 5.1 Frameworks 42 5.1.1 NIST Cybersecurity Framework Applied to Data 42 5.2 Regulations 43 5.2.1 GDPR 44 5.2.1.1 The Right to Erasure 45 5.2.1.2 Data Retention 51 5.2.2 HIPAA Security Rule Subpart c 53 5.2.3 PCI DSS V3.2 Payment Card Industry Requirements 56 5.2.4 Sarbanes–Oxley 58 5.2.5 Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority Payment Services Regulations 59 5.2.6 New York State Cybersecurity Requirements of Financial Services Companies 23 NYCRR 500 59 5.2.7 Philippines Data Privacy Act 2012 60 5.2.8 Singapore Personal Data Protection Act 2012 61 5.2.9 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act 61 5.3 Standards 62 5.3.1 ISO 27000 and Family 62 5.3.2 NIST SP 800- 88 63 5.4 Summary 65 Chapter 6 New Standards 67 6.1 IEEE P2883 Draft Standard for Sanitizing Storage 68 6.1.1 Data Sanitization 68 6.1.2 Storage Sanitization 68 6.1.3 Media Sanitization 68 6.1.4 Clear 69 6.1.5 Purge 69 6.1.6 Destruct 69 6.2 Updated ISO/IEC CD 27040 Information Technology Security Techniques— Storage Security 70 6.3 Summary 71 Chapter 7 Asset Lifecycle Management 73 7.1 Data Sanitization Program 73 7.2 Laptops and Desktops 74 7.3 Servers and Network Gear 76 7.3.1 Edge Computing 78 7.4 Mobile Devices 79 7.4.1 Crypto- Erase 80 7.4.2 Mobile Phone Processing 80 7.4.3 Enterprise Data Erasure for Mobile Devices 81 7.4.3.1 Bring Your Own Device 81 7.4.3.2 Corporate- Issued Devices 81 7.5 Internet of Things: Unconventional Computing Devices 82 7.5.1 Printers and Scanners 82 7.5.2 Landline Phones 82 7.5.3 Industrial Control Systems 82 7.5.4 HVAC Controls 83 7.5.5 Medical Devices 83 7.6 Automobiles 83 7.6.1 Off- Lease Vehicles 84 7.6.2 Used Vehicle Market 85 7.6.3 Sanitization of Automobiles 85 7.7 Summary 86 Chapter 8 Asset Disposition 87 8.1 Contracting and Managing Your ITAD 88 8.2 ITAD Operations 89 8.3 Sustainability and Green Tech 91 8.4 Contribution from R2 91 8.4.1 Tracking Throughput 91 8.4.2 Data Security 92 8.5 e- Stewards Standard for Responsible Recycling and Reuse of Electronic Equipment 92 8.6 i- SIGMA 93 8.7 FACTA 93 8.8 Summary 95 Chapter 9 Stories from the Field 97 9.1 3stepIT 98 9.2 TES – IT Lifecycle Solutions 101 9.2.1 Scale of Operations 103 9.2.2 Compliance 104 9.2.3 Conclusion 104 9.3 Ingram Micro 104 9.4 Summary 106 Chapter 10 Data Center Operations 109 10.1 Return Material Allowances 110 10.2 NAS 110 10.3 Logical Drives 110 10.4 Rack- Mounted Hard Drives 111 10.5 Summary 112 Chapter 11 Sanitizing Files 113 11.1 Avoid Confusion with CDR 113 11.2 Erasing Files 114 11.3 When to Sanitize Files 115 11.4 Sanitizing Files 116 11.5 Summary 116 Chapter 12 Cloud Data Sanitization 117 12.1 User Responsibility vs. Cloud Provider Responsibility 117 12.2 Attacks Against Cloud Data 119 12.3 Cloud Encryption 119 12.4 Data Sanitization for the Cloud 120 12.5 Summary 121 Chapter 13 Data Sanitization and Information Lifecycle Management 123 13.1 The Data Sanitization Team 124 13.2 Identifying Data 124 13.3 Data Sanitization Policy 124 13.3.1 Deploy Technology 125 13.3.2 Working with DevOps 125 13.3.3 Working with Data Security 125 13.3.4 Working with the Legal Team 125 13.3.5 Changes 126 13.4 Summary 126 Chapter 14 How Not to Destroy Data 127 14.1 Drilling 127 14.1.1 Nail Gun 128 14.1.2 Gun 128 14.2 Acids and Other Solvents 128 14.3 Heating 128 14.4 Incineration 129 14.5 Street Rollers 129 14.6 Ice Shaving Machines 129 Chapter 15 The Future of Data Sanitization 131 15.1 Advances in Solid- State Drives 132 15.2 Shingled Magnetic Recording 133 15.3 Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording, Also Known as Heat- Assisted Magnetic Recording 133 15.4 Microwave- Assisted Magnetic Recording 134 15.5 DNA Data Storage 135 15.6 Holographic Storage 135 15.7 Quantum Storage 136 15.8 NVIDMM 137 15.9 Summary 138 Chapter 16 Conclusion 139 Appendix Enterprise Data Sanitization Policy 143 Introduction 143 Intended Audience 143 Purpose of Policy 144 General Data Hygiene and Data Retention 144 Data Spillage 144 Handling Files Classified as Confidential 144 Data Migration 144 End of Life for Classified Virtual Machines 145 On Customer’s Demand 145 Seven Steps to Creating a Data Sanitization Process 145 Step 1: Prioritize and Scope 146 Step 2: Orient 146 Step 3: Create a Current Profile 146 Step 4: Conduct a Risk Assessment 147 Step 5: Create a Target Profile 147 Step 6: Determine, Analyze, and Prioritize Gaps 147 Step 7: Implement Action Plan 147 Data Sanitization Defined 147 Physical Destruction 148 Degaussing 148 Pros and Cons of Physical Destruction 148 Cryptographic Erasure (Crypto- Erase) 148 Pros and Cons of Cryptographic Erasure 149 Data Erasure 149 Pros and Cons of Data Erasure 150 Equipment Details 150 Asset Lifecycle Procedures 151 Suggested Process, In Short 152 Create Contract Language for Third Parties 152 Data Erasure Procedures 152 Responsibility 152 Validation of Data Erasure Software and Equipment 153 Personal Computers 153 Servers and Server Storage Systems 154 Photocopiers, Network Printers, and Fax Machines 154 Mobile Phones, Smartphones, and Tablets 154 Point- of- Sale Equipment 155 Virtual Machines 155 Removable Solid- State Memory Devices (USB Flash Drives, SD Cards) 155 CDs, DVDs, and Optical Discs 155 Backup Tape 155 General Requirements for Full Implementation 155 Procedure for Partners and Suppliers 155 Audit Trail Requirement 156 Policy Ownership 156 Mandatory Revisions 156 Roles and Responsibilities 157 CEO 157 Board of Directors 157 Index 159