Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) will drive dramatic cost reductions while also accelerating service delivery. Using NFV with SDN, network owners can provision new functions rapidly on demand, improve scalability, and leverage microservices. Benefits like these will make NFV indispensable for service providers, mobile operators, telcos, and enterprises alike.
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) with a Touch of SDN is the first practical introduction to NFV’s fundamental concepts, techniques, and use cases. Written for wide audiences of network engineers, architects, planners, and operators, it assumes no previous knowledge of NFV architecture, deployment, or management.
The authors first explain how virtualization, VMs, containers, and related technologies establish the foundation for the NFV transformation. Next, they show how these concepts and technologies can be applied to virtualize network functions in the cloud, data centers, routing, security, and the mobile packet core.
You’ll discover new tools and techniques for managing and orchestrating virtualized network devices, and gain new clarity on how SDN and NFV interact and interrelate. By the time you’re done, you’ll be ready to assess vendor claims, evaluate architectures, and plan NFV’s role in your own networks.
- Understand NFV’s key benefits and market drivers
- Review how virtualization makes NFV possible
- Consider key issues associated with NFV network design and deployment
- Integrate NFV into existing network designs
- Orchestrate, build, and deploy NFV networks and cloud services
- Maximize operational efficiency by building more programmable, automated networks
- Understand how NFV and SDN work together
- Address security, programmability, performance, and service function chaining
- Preview evolving concepts that will shape NFV’s future
Table of Contents:
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
About the Technical Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Chapter 1: The Journey to Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) Era . . .1
The Evolution of Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Traditional Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introducing NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
NFV Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Need for a Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ETSI Framework for NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Understanding the ETSI Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A Closer Look at ETSI’s NFV Framework . . . . . . . . . 13
NFV Framework Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Benefits of NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Hardware Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Faster Service Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Scalability and Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Leveraging Existing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Rapid Development and Vendor Independence . . . . . . . 29
Validation of New Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Amorphous Service Offering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Operational Efficiency and Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
NFV Market Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Movement to Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
New Business Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Capital Expense Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Operational Expense Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Barrier of Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter 2: Virtualization Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
History and Background of Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Virtualization Benefits and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Server Virtualization, Network Virtualization, and NFV . . . 41
Virtualization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Virtualization versus Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Components of a Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Resource Allocation to the Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . 53
Network Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Packaging a Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Commonly Used Hypervisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Linux Containers and Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Understanding Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Container versus Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Application Container and OS Container . . . . . . . . . 70
Enter Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Container Packaging–Beyond Docker . . . . . . . . . . 76
Single and Multitenant Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Virtualization and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 3: Virtualization of Network Functions . . . . . . . . . . .83
Designing NFV Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
NFV Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
NFV Transformation Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Virtualization of Network Infrastructure and Services . . . . . . . 118
NFV for Routing Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Virtualization of Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Virtualization of Mobile Communication Networks . . . . 129
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Chapter 4: NFV Deployment in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
What’s in a Cloud? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Characteristics of Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Cloud-Based Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Cloud Deployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
NFV and Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Revisiting ETSI Management and Orchestration Block . . . . . . 145
MANO Data Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Orchestrating, Deploying, and Managing NFV Infrastructure . . . . 157
Hardware Virtualization Deployment Options . . . . . . . 158
Deploying Virtual Machines and Containers . . . . . . . 160
Software and Tools for NFVI Deployment . . . . . . . . 164
Introduction to OpenStack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
So What Is OpenStack? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
A Brief History of OpenStack . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
OpenStack Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
OpenStack Deployment Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
OpenStack Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
OpenStack Deployment Nodes Revisited . . . . . . . . . 192
OpenStack High Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Live Migration for VNF mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Deploying OpenStack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Using OpenStack as VIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Life Cycle Management of VNFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
VNFM Software Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Orchestration and Deployment of Network Services . . . . . . . 214
Cisco’s Network Service Orchestrator . . . . . . . . . . 214
Telefonica’s OpenMANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Brocade VNF Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Nokia’s CloudBand Network Director . . . . . . . . . . 215
Ciena’s Blue Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
HP’s NFV Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Ericsson Cloud Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
OpenStack Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
RIFT.io’s RIFT.ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
NFV MANO and Open Source Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Open Platform NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Open Orchestration Project (Open-O) . . . . . . . . . . 218
Open Source MANO (OSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Describing Network Service Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Juju Charms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
HOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
TOSCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 5: Software Defined Networking (SDN) . . . . . . . . . . .227
Basic Concepts of SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
What is SDN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Advantages of SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
SDN Implementation and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Introduction to SDN Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
SDN Implementation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
SDN Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
SDN Use-Cases for Different Networking Domains . . . . . . . . 251
SDN in the Data Center (SDN DC) . . . . . . . . . . . 251
SDN in Service Provider Cloud (SP SDN) . . . . . . . . . 254
SDN in Wide-Area Networks (SD WAN) . . . . . . . . . 257
Enterprise SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Transport SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Revisiting SDN Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Open Source SDN Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Commercial SDN Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
SDN Correlation with NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
CORD–An Example of NFV and SDN Working Together . . 276
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Chapter 6: Stitching It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Service Function Chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Service Chaining in a Traditional Network . . . . . . . . 288
Service Function Chaining for Cloud Scaling . . . . . . . 289
Network Service Header (NSH) . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Other Protocols for SFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Service Chaining Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
How Virtual Machines Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Virtual Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Single Root Input/Output Virtualization and
Sharing (SR-IOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Direct Memory Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Enhancing vSwitch Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) . . . . . . . . . . 309
Vector Packet Processing (VPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Data Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
CPU Usage Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Optimized Use of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Programmability in a Virtualized Network . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
9780134463056, TOC, 10/28/2016
