Network Management: Accounting and Performance Strategies   The definitive guide to collecting usage information from Cisco networks   Benoit Claise, CCIE® No. 2868 Ralf Wolter   Understanding network performance and effectiveness is now crucial to business success. To ensure user satisfaction, both service providers and enterprise IT teams must provide service-level agreements (SLA) to the users of their networks–and then consistently deliver on those commitments. Now, two of the Cisco® leading network performance and accounting experts bring together all the knowledge network professionals need to do so.   Network Management: Accounting and Performance Strategies imparts a deep understanding of Cisco IOS® embedded management for monitoring and optimizing performance, together with proven best strategies for both accounting and performance management.   Benoit Claise and Ralf Wolter begin by introducing the role of accounting and performance management in today’s large-scale data and voice networks. They present widely accepted performance standards and definitions, along with today’s best practice methodologies for data collection.   Next, they turn to Cisco devices and the Cisco IOS Software, illuminating embedded management and device instrumentation features that enable you to thoroughly characterize performance, plan network enhancements, and anticipate potential problems and prevent them. Network standards, technologies, and Cisco solutions covered in depth include Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Management Information Bases (MIB), Remote Monitoring (RMON), IP accounting, NetFlow, BGP policy accounting, AAA Accounting, Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR), and IP SLA (formerly known as SAA). For each, the authors present practical examples and hands-on techniques.   The book concludes with chapter-length scenarios that walk you through accounting and performance management for five different applications: data network monitoring, capacity planning, billing, security, and voice network performance.   Network Management: Accounting and Performance Strategies will be indispensable to every professional concerned with network performance, effectiveness, or profitability, especially NMS/OSS architects, network and service designers, network administrators, and anyone responsible for network accounting or billing.   Benoit Claise, CCIE® No. 2868, is a Cisco Distinguished Engineer working as an architect for embedded management and device instrumentation. His area of expertise includes accounting, performance, and fault management. Claise is a contributor to the NetFlow standardization at the IETF in the IPFIX and PSAMP Working Groups. He joined Cisco in 1996 as a customer support engineer in the Technical Assistance Center network management team and became an escalation engineer before joining the engineering team.   Ralf Wolter is a senior manager, consulting engineering at Cisco. He leads the Cisco Core and NMS/OSS consulting team for Europe, works closely with corporate engineering, and supports large-scale customer projects. He specializes in device instrumentation related to accounting and performance management.   Compare accounting methods and choose the best approach for you Apply network performance best practices to your network Leverage built-in Cisco IOS network management system components to quantify performance Uncover trends in performance statistics to help avoid service degradation before it occurs Identify under use of network paths, so you can improve overall network efficiency Walk through hands-on case studies that address monitoring, capacity planning, billing, security, and voice networks Understand Cisco network performance, deliver on your SLAs, and improve accounting and billing   This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Press®, which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.

Table of Contents:
Part I      Data Collection and Methodology Standards 3   Chapter 1    Understanding the Need for Accounting and Performance Management 5 Definitions and the Relationship Between Accounting and Performance Management 11     Defining Accounting Management 11     Defining Performance Management 13     The Relationship Between Accounting and Performance 17     A Complementary Solution 20 The Purposes of Accounting 22     Network Monitoring 22     User Monitoring and Profiling 24     Application Monitoring and Profiling 26     Capacity Planning 31     Traffic Profiling and Engineering 34     Peering and Transit Agreements 37     Billing 43     Security Analysis 57 Purposes of Performance 61     Device Performance Monitoring 62     Network Performance Monitoring 65     Service Monitoring 66     Baselining 68     Fault Management 70 Applying the Information to the Business 74 Summary 80   Chapter 2    Data Collection Methodology 85 Data Collection Details: What to Collect 86     What Are the Keys? 89     What Are the Values? 89     What Are the Required Versus Nice-to-Have Types of Data? 93     Data Types List 93     Example: Application Monitoring 94     Example: Traffic Matrix 98     Example: SLA Monitoring 99 Defining the User 100 Metering Methods: How to Collect Data Records 102     Active Versus Passive Monitoring 103     Passive Monitoring Concepts 104 Active Monitoring Concepts 120     Best Practice: How to Position Active and Passive Monitoring 128     Outlook: Passive Monitoring for One-Way Delay Analysis 129 Metering Positions: Where to Collect Data Records 130     Network Element Versus End Device Collection 130     Edge Versus Core Collection 132     Embedded Versus External Device Collection 136     Ingress Versus Egress Collection 138     Flow Destination or Source Lookup 140     Technology-Dependent Special Constraints 141 Collection Infrastructure: How to Collect Data Records 144 Pull Versus Push Model 144 Event-Based Model 145 Export Protocols 146 Network Design for the Collection Infrastructure 151     Communication Concepts 152     Collection Server Concepts 154 Mediation Device Functionality: How to Process Data Records 157     Filtering 157     Estimation from Sampling 159     Threshold Monitoring 159     Data Aggregation 160     Data Record Correlation and Enrichment 164     Flow De-Duplication 165     Data Record Formatting and Storage 165 Security Considerations: How to Ensure Data Authenticity and Integrity 167     Source Authentication 167     Ensuring Data and Device Integrity 168     Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks 169 Summary 170   Chapter 3    Accounting and Performance Standards and Definitions 173 Understanding Standards and Standards Organizations 173 Architectural and Framework Standards: The TMN/FCAPS Model (ITU-T) 176     Fault Management 180     Configuration Management 181     Accounting Management 181     Performance Management 182     Security Management 183     The TMN Framework 184 Architectural and Framework Standards: the eTOM Model (TMF) 185 Informational IETF Standards 189     IETF RFC 2924, Accounting Attributes and Record Formats 189     IETF RFC 2975, Introduction to Accounting Management 189 Information Modeling 190 Data Collection Protocols: SNMP, SMI, and MIB 191     Internet Management Model and Terminology 191     MIB Modules and Object Identifiers 193     SMI Definitions 194     SNMP Versions 196     References for SMIv1 and SMIv2 199 Data Collection Protocols: NetFlow Version 9 and IPFIX Export Protocols 201     NetFlow Version 9 Export Protocol 202     IPFIX 208 Data Collection Protocols: PSAMP 212     PSAMP Protocol Specifications 212     PSAMP References 213 Data Collection Protocols: AAA (RADIUS, Diameter, and TACACS+) 214     RADIUS 214     TACACS+ 216     Diameter 216 Data Collection Protocols: IPDR 217 Data Collection Protocols: CMISE/CMIP and GDMO 218 Service Notions 219 Summary 222   Part II    Implementations on the Cisco Devices 225   Chapter 4    SNMP and MIBs 227 MIBs 228 IOS Support for SNMP Versions 229 net-snmp Utilities 229 CLI Operations and Configuration Example for SNMPv2c 230     SNMPv2c Configuration Example 230     SNMPv2c Data Retrieval 231     Displaying SNMPv2c Statistics 231 CLI Operations and Configuration Examples for SNMPv3 231     authNoPriv SNMP Example 233     authPriv SNMP Example 235 MIB Table Retrieval Example 235 MIB Functional Area Comparison Table 237 General-Purpose MIBs for Accounting and Performance 239     MIB-II (RFC 1213), IF-MIB (RFC 2863), and CISCO-IF-EXTENSION-MIB 240     CISCO-PING-MIB 241     CISCO-PROCESS-MIB 242     CISCO-ENVMON-MIB and CISCO-HEALTH-MONITOR-MIB 244     CISCO-MEMORY-POOL-MIB 244     CISCO-DATA-COLLECTION-MIB 244 Advanced Device Instrumentation 247 Technology-Specific MIBs for Accounting and Performance 247     Frame Relay 247     IPv6 251 Multicast 252     VLAN 253     Traffic Management and Control 255     Telephony 257 Creating New MIB Objects: EXPRESSION-MIB 265     EXPRESSION-MIB Examples 266     EVENT-MIB Associated with EXPRESSION-MIB 268 Obtaining MIBs 269   Chapter 5    RMON 273 RMON 1 and RMON 2 MIBs 273     RMON Principles 277     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 277     Cisco NAM Modules 278     CLI Operations 279     SNMP Operations 280     Examples 282 DSMON MIB 284     DSMON MIB Principles 286     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 286     CLI Operations 286     SNMP Operations 286     Examples 287 SMON MIB 287     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 288     CLI Operations 288     SNMP Operations 288     Examples 289     Collection Monitoring 289 APM MIB and ART MIB 289     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 291     CLI Operations 291     SNMP Operations 291     Examples 291     Collection Monitoring 291 Applicability 292 Further Reading 293   Chapter 6    IP Accounting 297 IP Accounting (Layer 3) 298     IP Accounting (Layer 3) Principles 298     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 299     CLI Operations 299     SNMP Operations 300     Examples (CLI and SNMP) 301 IP Accounting Access Control List (ACL) 303     IP Accounting ACL Principles 304     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 304     CLI Operations 304     SNMP Operations 305     Examples (CLI and SNMP) 305 IP Accounting MAC Address 308     IP Accounting MAC Address Principles 308     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 309     CLI Operations 309     SNMP Operations 310     Examples (CLI and SNMP) 311 IP Accounting Precedence 312     IP Accounting Precedence Principles 313     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 313     CLI Operations 314     SNMP Operations 314     Examples (CLI and SNMP) 315 Applicability 317   Chapter 7    NetFlow 319 Fundamentals of NetFlow 322     Flow Definition 322     Cache Concept 325     Aging Flows on a Router 327     Aging Flows on a Catalyst 328     Export Version and Related Information Elements 329     Supported Interfaces 339     Export Protocol: UDP or SCTP 340     NetFlow Device-Level Architecture: Combining the Elements 342     Cisco NetFlow Collector 344 CLI Operations 345 SNMP Operations with the NETFLOW-MIB 346 Example: NetFlow Version 5 on a Router 347 Example: NetFlow Configuration on the Catalyst 348 Example: NetFlow Version 8 350 Example: NetFlow Version 9 350 New Features Supported with NetFlow Version 9 351     SCTP Export 351     Sampled NetFlow 353     NetFlow Input Filters 358     MPLS-Aware NetFlow 360     BGP Next-Hop Information Element 362     NetFlow Multicast 363     NetFlow Layer 2 and Security Monitoring Exports 365     Top Talkers 366     Flexible NetFlow 370 Deployment Guidelines 385 Supported Devices and IOS Versions 387   Chapter 8    BGP Policy Accounting 389 Input BGP Policy Accounting 390 Output BGP Policy Accounting 391 Summary of All Four BGP Policy Accounting Combinations 392 Fundamentals 393 BGP Policy Accounting Commands 394 SNMP Operations 395 Examples (CLI and SNMP) 396     Initial Configuration 396     Collection Monitoring 397 Destination-Sensitive Services 398     Destination-Sensitive Billing 398     Destination-Sensitive Traffic Shaping (DSTS) 399 Applicability 400   Chapter 9    AAA Accounting 403 Fundamentals of AAA Accounting 405 High-Level Comparison of RADIUS, TACACS+, and Diameter 406 RADIUS 407     RADIUS Attributes 409     RADIUS CLI Operations 415     Voice Extensions for RADIUS 416 Diameter Details 428   Chapter 10    NBAR 433 NBAR Functionality 434     Distributed NBAR 435     NBAR Classification Details 435     NBAR Packet Description Language Module (PDLM) 437     NBAR Scope 438 Supported Devices and IOS Versions 438 NBAR Protocol Discovery (PD) MIB 439     NBAR Supported Protocols 440     NBAR Protocol Discovery Statistics 440     NBAR Top-N Statistics 441     NBAR Protocol Discovery Thresholds, Traps, and History 442 NBAR Configuration Commands 443 NBAR show Commands 443 NBAR Examples (CLI and SNMP) 445     Basic NBAR Configuration 445     Custom Application Example 446     Limiting Peer-to-Peer Traffic 447     HTTP Requests Payload Inspection 447 NBAR Applicability 449 Chapter 11 IP SLA 451 Measured Metrics: What to Measure 453     Network Delay 454     Jitter 454     Packet Loss 455     Measurement Accuracy 455     TCP Connect 456     DHCP and DNS Response Time 456     HTTP Response Time 456     Linking Metrics to Applications 456 Operations: How to Measure 457     Operations Parameters 457     MPLS VPN Awareness 459     IP SLA Responder 459     Operation Types 463 IP SLA CLI Operations 480 SNMP Operations with the CISCO-RTTMON-MIB 482 Application-Specific Scenario: HTTP 483 Application-Specific Scenario: VoIP 486 Advanced Features 488     Scheduling 488     Distribution of Statistics 491     History Collection 494     Thresholds and Notifications 495     Enhanced Object Tracking for IP SLA 499 Implementation Considerations 501     Supported Devices and IOS Versions 501     Performance Impact 503     Accuracy 504     Security Considerations 506     IP SLA Deployment 507   Chapter 12    Summary of Data Collection Methodology 515 Applicability 515   Part III    Assigning Technologies to Solutions 523 Chapter 13    Monitoring Scenarios 525 Network Blueprint for Monitoring 525 Device and Link Performance 526 Network Connectivity and Performance 530 Application Monitoring 534 Service Monitoring and Routing Optimization 536   Chapter 14    Capacity Planning Scenarios 541 Link Capacity Planning 541 Network Blueprint for Capacity Planning 543 Problem Space 544 Capacity Planning Tools 546 Methods for Generating the Core Traffic Matrix 548     NetFlow BGP Next Hop ToS Aggregation 551     Flexible NetFlow 552     MPLS-Aware NetFlow 553     BGP Passive Peer on the NetFlow Collector 554     BGP Policy Accounting 555     Other Methods 556 Additional Considerations: Peer-to-Peer Traffic 557 Summary 557   Chapter 15    Voice Scenarios 559 Network Blueprint for IP Telephony 560 Voice Performance Measurement 561     Standards and Technology 561     Network Elements in the Voice Path 564     Cisco CallManager (CCM) 565     Application Examples 570 Voice Accounting 573     Standards and Technology 573     Network Elements in the Voice Path 574     Gateway, Gatekeeper, Multimedia Conference Manager 575     Cisco CallManager (CCM) 575     Application Example 575 Is Your Network Ready for IP Telephony? 577   Chapter 16    Security Scenarios 579 Network Blueprint for Security Management 580 Security Management Process 582     Preparation 583     Identification 584     Classification 587     Trace Back 591     Reaction 593     Postmortem 594 Summary 596   Chapter 17    Billing Scenarios 599 Network Blueprint for Billing 600 Billing Approaches 602     Time-Based Billing 602     Volume-Based Billing 603     Destination-Sensitive Billing 606     Time- and Distance-Based Billing 606     Service-Based Billing 607     Enterprise Departmental Charge Back 608     Flat Rate Billing 609 Summary 609