Telecommunications network design and operation is now widely regarded as an issue of business management as well as electrical engineering. In this updated edition, Martin Clark, a pioneer of this perspective, applies it to the increasingly complex and diverse realm of voice, data and multimedia networks. Written in an accessible style and clearly illustrated throughout, this is a basic, practical and intuitive insight into modern network engineering with sections including: * Technical accounts of modern voice, data and multimedia networks * Coverage of ATM, B-ISDN, SDH, mobile radio and satellite networks, Internet and TCP/IP * Practical aspects of running and setting-up networks * Running a business based on telecommunications A text specifically for readers new to the whole subject of telecommunications, and professional telecommunications managers who need an introduction and reference work on all aspects of technology, operational techniques and regulation.

Table of Contents:
Summary Part 1 Fundamentals of telecommunications networks 1 Part 2 Modern telephone networks 211 Part 3 Modern data networks 339 Part 4 Multimedia networks 437 Part 5 Running a network 475 Part 6 Setting up networks 741 Part 7 Specific Businesses and networks 777 Preface xxi About the Author xiii Acknowledgements xv Part 1 Fundamentals of Telecom Networks 1 1 Information and its Conveyance 3 1.1 Types of Information 6 1.2 Telecommunications Systems 6 1.3 A Basic Telecommunications System 7 1.4 Common Types of Telecommunications Systems 8 1.5 Networks 9 1.6 Connection-oriented Transport. Service (COTS) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) 11 1.7 Circuit-, Packet- and Cell-switched Networks 12 1.8 Considerations for Network Planners 14 1.9 Technical Standards for Telecommunications Systems 15 2 Introduction to Signal Transmission and the Basic Line Circuit 17 2.1 Analogue and Digital Transmission 17 2.2 Telegraphy 19 2.3 Telephony 21 2.4 Received Signal Strength, Sidetone and Echo 23 2.5 Automatic Systems: Central Battery and Exchange Calling 24 2.6 Real Communications Networks 27 3 Long-haul Communication 29 3.1 Attenuation and Repeaters 29 3.2 Line Loading 31 3.3 Amplification 32 3.4 Two-and Four-wire Circuits 35 3.5 Equalization 36 3.6 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 37 3.7 Crosstalk and Attenuation on PDM Circuits 41 4. Data and the Binary Code System 43 4.1 The Binary Code 43 4.2 Electrical Representation and Storage of Binary Code Numbers 44 4.3 Using the Binary Code to Represent Textual Information 45 4.4 Morse Code 46 4.5 Baudot Code (Alphabet IA2) 46 4.6 ASCII 47 4.7 EBCDIC 49 4.8 Use of the Binary Code to Convey Graphical Images 49 4.9 Facsimile 49 4.10 Digital Transmission 52 5 Digital Transmission and Pulse Code Modulation 55 5.1 Digital Transmission 55 5.2 Pulse Code Modulation 57 5.3 Quantization 60 5.4 Quantization Noise 61 5.5 Time Division Multiplexing 61 5.6 Higher Bit Rates of Digital Line Systems 64 5.7 Digital Frame Formatting and ‘Justification’ 65 5.8 Interworking the 2Mbit/s and 1.5 Mbit/s Hierarchies 60 5.9 Synchronous Frame Formatting 70 5.10 Line Coding 71 5.11 Other Line Codes and their Limitations 74 6 The Principles of Switching 77 6.1 Circuit-switched Exchanges 77 6.2 Call Blocking within the Switch Matrix 82 6.3 Full and Limited Availability 83 6.4 Fan-in-Fan-out Switch Architecture 86 6.5 Switch Hardware Types 88 6.6 Stronger Switching 88 6.7 Crossbar Switching 96 6.8 Reed Relay Switching 100 6.9 Digital Switching 101 6.10 Packet and Cell Switches 106 7 Setting up and Clearing Connections 109 7.1 Alerting the Called Customer 109 7.2 Automatic Networks 110 7.3 Set Up 110 7.4 Number Translation 115 7.5 Unsuccessful Calls 117 7.6 Inter-exchange and International Signalling 118 7.7 The R2 Signalling System 121 7.8 R2 Line Signalling 122 7.9 Compelled or Acknowledged Signalling 126 7.10 R2 Inter-register, Multi-frequency Code (MFC) Signalling 127 7.11 Digital Line Systems and Channel-associated Signalling 131 7.12 Signalling Interworking 132 7.13 Advanced Signalling Applications 133 7.14 Signalling Sequance Diagrams 133 7.15 Call Set-up and Information Transfer in Data Networks 136 7.16 Network Interfaces: UNI, NNI, INI, ICI, SNI 137 7.17 Information Transfer in Connectionless Networks 139 8 Transmission Systems 141 8.1 Audio Circuits 141 8.2 Standard Twisted Pair Cable Types for Indoor Use 143 8.3 Transverse Screen and Coaxial Cable Transmission 143 8.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 145 8.5 HDSL (High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subseiber Line) 148 8.6 Optical Fibres 148 8.7 Radio 153 8.8 Radio Wave Propagation 155 8.9 Radio Antennas 157 8.10 Surface-wave Radio Systems 161 8.11 High Frequency (HF) Radio 161 8.12 Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio 161 8.13 Microwave Radio 163 8.14 Tropospheric Scatter 166 8.15 Satellite Systems 167 8.16 ‘Multiple Access’ Radio and Satellite Systems 172 8.17 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 175 9 Data Network Principles and Protocols 177 9.1 Computer Networks 177 9.2 Basic Data Conveyance: Introducing the DTE and the DCE 178 9.3 Modulation of Digital Information over Analogue Lines Using a Modem 180 9.4 High Bit Rate Modems 181 9.5 Modem ‘constellations’ 182 9.6 Computer-to-network Interfaces 186 9.7 Synchronization 189 9.8 Bit Synchronization 190 9.9 Character Synchronization: Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer 191 9.10 Handshaking 192 9.11 Protocols for Transfer of Data 193 9.12 The Open Systems Interconnection Model 194 9.13 Data Message Format 199 9.14 Implementation of Layered Protocol Networks 201 9.15 The Use of Null Layers 204 9.16 Other Layered Protocols 204 9.17 Data Network Types 205 9.18 Point-to-point Data Networks 205 9.19 Circuit-switched Data Networks 206 9.20 Packet-switched Data Networks 207 9.21 Practical Computer Networks 209 Part 2 Modern Telephone Networks 211 10 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 213 10.1 The Concept of ISDN 213 10.2 Bearer, Supplementary and Teleservices 214 10.3 ISDN Interfaces and End-user Applications 215 10.4 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 216 10.5 The S/T Interface Specification 216 10.6 Use of the Basic Rate Interface 219 10.7 ISDN Terminals 221 10.8 Primary Rate Interface 222 10.9 The Public Network and ISDN 224 10.10 Deployment of ISDN 225 10.11 The Marketing of ISDN and the Early User Benefits 226 10.12 Network Interworking 227 10.13 Companies’ Private ISDNs (Corporate ISDN) 227 10.14 Broadband Services over ISDN 229 11 Intelligent Networks and Services 231 11.1 The Concept of Intelligent Networks 231 11.2 Intelligent Network Architecture 232 11.3 The Service Control Point (SCP) 233 11.4 The Service Switching Point (SSP) 234 11.5 The Service Management System (SMS) and Service Creation Environment (SCE) 234 11.6 Benefits of Intelligent Networks 235 11.7 Intelligent Network (IN) Services 235 11.8 Calling Card 236 11.9 Freephone Service (or 800 Service) 237 11.10 900 Service 239 11.11 Centrex Service and Virtual Private Network 239 11.12 Line Information Database (LIBD) 241 11.13 Televoting 243 11.14 Cellular Radio Telephone Service 244 11.15 Network Intelligence and PBXs 245 11.16 Voicemail and Voice Response Systems 246 11.17 Considerations Before Introducing IN to a Network 248 11.18 The Future of Intelligent Networks 248 12 Signalling System No. 7 249 12.1 SS7 Signalling between Exchanges 249 12.2 SS7 Signalling Networks 251 12.3 The Structure of SS7 Signalling 253 12.4 The Message Transfer Part (MTP) 254 12.5 The User Parts of SS7 256 12.6 The Telephone User Part (TUP) 257 12.7 The Data User Part (DUP) 258 12.8 The Integrated Services User Parts (ISUP) 258 12.9 The Enhanced Telephone User Part (TUP+) 258 12.10 The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 258 12.11 Transaction Capabilities (TC) 261 12.12 The Mobile Application Part (MAP) 263 12.13 Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) 263 12 14 Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) 264 12.15 The Use and Evolution of CCITT7 Signalling 264 12.16 Signalling Network Planning and Testing 265 12.17 Interconnection of SS7 Networks 266 13 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous  Optical Network (SONET) 267 13.1 History of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDII) 267 13.2 The Problems of PDH Transmission 267 13.3 The Multiplexing Structure of SDII 270 13.4 The Tributaries of SDH 273 13.5 Path Overhead 276 13.6 Section Overhead (SOH) 276 13.7 Network Topology of SDH Networks 277 13.8 Optical Interfaces for SDH 278 13.9 Management of SDH Networks 278 13.10 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) 279 13.11 SDII and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 280 14 Operator Assistance and Manual Services 281 14.1 Manual Network Operation 281 14.2 Semi-automatic·Telephony 282 14.3 Ca1ling the Operator 287 14.4 Operator Privileges 288 14.5 Typical Assistance Services 289 14.6 Cooperation between International Operators: Code 11 and Code 12 Services 291 14.7 A Modern Operator Switchroom 293 14.8 Operator Assistance on Telex Networks 294 14.9 Operator Assistance on Data Networks 294 15 Mobile Telephone Networks 15.1 Radio Telephone Service 297 15.2 Cellular Radio 299 15.3 Making Cellular Radio Calls 303 15.4 Tracing Cellular Radio Handsets 304 15.5 Early Cellular Radio Networks 305 15.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 307 15.7 GSM Technology 308 15.8 Personal Communications Network (PCN) and DCS- 1800 311 15.9 Aeronautical and Maritime Mobile Communication8 Services 313 15.10 Tridium, Globalstar and the Evolution Towards the Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) 314 16 Cordless Telephony and Radio in the Local Loop (RILL) 319 16.1 The Drive for Radio in the Local Loop 319 16.2 Fixed Networks Based on Radio Technology 320 16.3 Cordless Telephones 321 16.4 Telepoint or Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2) 322 16.5 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephony) 323 16.6 DECT Handover 325 16.7 The Radio Relay Station Concept in DECT 325 16.8 The DECT Air Interface (D3-intcrface) 326 16.9 Other ISDN Wireless Local loop Systems 328 16.10 Shorthaul Point-to-multipoint (PMP) Microwave Radio 328 17 Fibre in the Loop (FITL) and Other Access Networks 329 17.1 Fibre Access Networks 329 17.2 Fibre to the Building (FTTB) 329 17.3 Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) 330 17.4 Fibre to the Home (FTTH)     33l 17.5 Broadband Passive Optical Network 331 17.6 Access Network Interfaces 332 17.7 ETSI V5 Interfaces 333 17.8 V5.2 Interface 335 17.9 V5.1 Interface 336 17.10 Significance of the V5.x Interfaces 336 17.11 Re-use of Existing Copper Access Networks 337 17.12 IIDSL (High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line) 337 17.13 ADSI. (Asymmmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 337 17.14 Hybrid Fibre/Coax (HFC) Networks 338 Part 3 Modern Data Networks 339 18 Packet Switching 341 18.1 Packet Switching Basics 341 18.2 Transmission Delay in Packet-switched Networks 343 18.3 Routing in Packet-switched Networks 344 18.4 ITU-T Recommendation X.25 346 18.5 The Technical Details of X.25 348 18.6 X.25 Link Access Procedure (LAP and LAPB) 348 18.7 X.25 Packet Level Interface (Layer 3 Protocol) 350 18.8 Typical Parameter Default Settings Used in X.25 Networks 354 18.9 Packet Assembler/Disassemblers (PADs) 355 18.10 ITU-T Recommendation X.75 358 18.11 When X.25 Packet Switching May and May Not Be Used 360 18.12 Alternatives to X.25-based Packet Switching 361 18.13 IBM’s ‘Systems Network Architecture’ 361 18.14 APPN (Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking) 366 19 Local Area Networks (LANs) 367 19.1 The Emergence of LANs 367 19.2 LAN Topologies and Standards 367 19.3 CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3, ISO 8802.3): Ethernet 369 19.4 Token Bus (IEEE 802.4, ISO 8802.4) 371 19.5 Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) 372 19.6 Logical Link Control for LANs 374 19.7 LAN Operating Software and LAN Servers 374 19.8 Interconnection of LANs: Bridges, Routers and Gateways 375 20 Frame Relay 379 20.1 The Throughput Limitations of X.25 Packet Switching 379 20.2 The Need for Faster Response Data Networks 381 20.3 The Emergence and use of Frame Relay 383 20.4 Frame Relay UNI 383 20.5 Frame Relay SVC Service 384 20.6 Congestion Control in Frame Relay networks 384 20.7 Frame Relay NNI 386 20.8 Frame Format 386 20.9 Address Field Format 387 20.10 TTU-T Recommendations Pertinent to Frame Relay 388 20.11 FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) 388 21 Campus and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 391 21.1 Fibre Distributed Data Interface 391 21.2 Switched Multimega bit Digital Services (SMDS) 394 21.3 The Demise of MANs 398 22 Electronic Mail, Internet and Electronic Message Services 399 22.1 Videotext 399 22.2 Electronic Mail (e-mail) 400 22.3 Addressing Schemes for Electronic Mail 402 22.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of e-mail 403 22.5 EDI: Corporate Communication with Customers and Suppliers via e-mail 404 22.6 Internet 405 22.7 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 407 22.8 Common Applications Using TCP/IP 408 22.9 The Internet Protocol 410 22.10 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 410 22.11 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 410 22.12 Online Database Services 410 23 The Message Handling System (MHS) 413 23.1 The Need for MHS 413 23.2 The Concept of MHS 413 23.3 The MHS Model 414 23.4 Layered Representation of MHS 417 23.5 The Structure of MHS Messages and MHS Addresses 419 23.6 MHS Management Domains 420 23.7 MHS and the OSI Directory Service 421 23.8 Message Conversion and Conveyance Using MHS 421 23.9 Setting Up a Message Handling System 422 23.10 File Transfer Access and Jv1anagcment (FTAM) 424 23.11 Summary 424 24 Mobile and Radio Data Networks 425 24.1 Radiopaging 425 24.2 Mobile Data Networks 429 24.3 TETRA (Trans-European Trunked Radio System) 431 24.4 Wireless LANs 432 24.5 Radiodetermination Satellite Services (RDSS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) 436 Part 4 Multimedia Networks 437 25 Broadband, Multimedia Networks and the B-ISDN 439 25.1 Multimedia Applications: the Driver for Broadband Networks 439 25.2 Video Communication 441 25.3 The Emergence of the B-ISDN 441 25.4 The Services to be Offered by B-ISDN 441 25.5 The Emergence of the ATM Switching Technique as the Heart of ATM 442 25.6 Connection Types Supported by B-ISDN 443 25.7 User Device Connection to B-ISDN 446 25.8 Evolution to Broadband-ISDN 449 26 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 451 26.1 A Flexible Transmission Medium 451 26.2 Statistical Multiplexing and the Evolution of Cell Relay Switching 452 26.3 The Problems to be Solved by Cell Relay 453 26.4 The Technique of Cell Relay 454 26.5 The ATM Cell Header 455 26.6 The Components of an ATM Network 456 26.7 The ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 458 26.8 ATM Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths 458 26.9 User, Control and Management Planes 459 26.10 How is a Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Set Up? 460 26.11 Signalling Virtual Channels and Meta-signalling Virtual Channels 461 26.12 Virtual Channel Identifiers (VCIs) and Virtual Path Identifiers (VPIs) 462 26.13 Information Content and Format or the ATM Cell Header 464 26.14 ATM Protocol Layers 465 26.15 The ATM Transport Network 465 26.16 Capability of the ATM Adaption Layer (AAL) 467 26.17 Protocol Stack when Communicating via an ATM Transport Network 468 26.18 ATM Protocol Reference Model (PRM) 469 26.19 ATM Forum Network Reference Model 471 26.20 ATM Forum Network Management Model 472 Part 5 Running A Network 475 27 Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) 477 27.1 The Problems of Managing Networks 477 27.2 Network Provisioning 479 27.3 Umbrella Network Management Systems 480 27.4 The Q3-interface, the Common Management Information Protocol (CIMP) and the Concept of Managed Objects (MO) 483 27.5 The ISO Management Model 485 27.6 TMN Management Function Model 486 27.7 The Network Management Forum (NMF), OMNI point and SPIRIT 487 27.8 Realization of a TMN 487 27.9 Example of Early TMN Realization 488 27.10 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 489 27.11 Summary of TMN Benefits 489 27.12 Telecommunications Intelligent Network Architecture (TINA) 490 28 Network Routing, Interconnection and Interworking 491 28.1 The Need for a Network Routing Plan 491 28.2 Network Routing Objectives and Constraints 494 28.3 The Administration or Routing Table 497 28.4 Routing Protocols Used in Modern Networks 499 28.5 Network Topology State and the ‘Hello State Machine’ 500 28.6 Signalling Impact upon Routing and Call Set-up Delays 503 28.7 Plausibility Check During umber Analysis 504 28.8 Network Interconnection 504 28.9 Network Interconnection Services 505 28.10 Interconnect 506 28.11 Equal Access 506 28.12 Number Portability 507 28.13 Shared Use of Access Network Ducts and Cables 507 28.14 Pitfalls of Interconnection 508 28.15 The Point of Interconnection and Collocation 508 28.16 The Interconnection Contract 509 28.17 Interworking 510 29 Network Numbering and Addressing Plans 513 29.1 The International Telephone Numbering Plan 513 29.2 International Public Data Network Address Scheme 520 29.3 Escape Codes 521 29.4 Telex Network Numbering Plan (ITU-T F.69) 524 29.5 X.500: The Addressing Plan for the Message Handling Service (MHS) 524 29.6 Internet Addressing Scheme 525 29.7 Internet e-mail (STMP) Addresses 526 29.8 Network Addresing Schemes Used in Support of Broadband-ISDN and ATM 527 30 Teletraffic Theory 529 30.1 Telecommunications Traffic 529 30.2 Traffic Intensity (Circuit-switched Networks) 530 30.3 Practical Traffic Intensity (Erlang) Measurement 531 30.4 The Busy Hour 533 30.5 The Formula for Traffic Intensity 535 30.6 The Traffic-carrying Capacity of a Single Circuit 536 30.7 Dimensioning Circuit-switched Networks 539 30.8 Example Route Dimensioning 542 30.9 Call Waiting Systems 543 30.10 Dimensioning Data Networks 546 30.11 Pollaczek–Khinchine Delay Formula 550 30.12 Practical Dimensioning of Networks 551 30.13 Appendix: The Derivation of Erlang’s Formula 551 31 Traffic Monitoring and Forecasting 555 31.1 Measuring Network Usage 555 31.2 Usage Monitoring in Circuit-Switched Networks 556 31.3 Traffic Intensity 556 31.4 Total Usage Monitoring 558 31.5 Number of Calls Attempted 560 31.6 Number of Calls Completed 561 31.7 Monitoring Usage of Data Networks 562 31.8 Forecasting Models for Predicting Future Network Use 564 31.9 Fitting the Forecasting Model 567 31.10      Other Forecasting Models 569 32 Network Traffic Control 571 32.1 Networks 571 32.2 Sizing Circuit-switched Networks 572 32.3 Hierarchical Network 573 32.4 Overflow or ‘Automatic Alternative Routing’ (AAR) 577 32.5 Wilkinson Rapp Equivalent Random Method 579 32.6 Dimensioning ‘Final Routes’ 581 32.7 Trunk Reservation 581 32.8 ‘Crankback’ or ‘Automatic Re-routing’ (ARR) 584 32.9 Proportionate Bidding Facility (PBF) 585 32.10 Dynamic Routing 585 32.1·1 Routing and Traffic Control in Data Networks 586 32.12 Network Design 588 32.13 Appendix: The Wilkinson -Rapp Route Dimensioning Method 590 33 Practical Network Transmission Planning 593 33.1 Network Transmission Plan 593 33.2 Send and Receive Reference Equivalents 594 33.3 Connection Reference Points and Overall Reference Equivalent 596 33.4 Measuring Network Loss 598 33.5 Correcting Signal Strength 599 33.6 The Control of Sidetone 602 33.7 The Problem or Echo 602 33.8 Echo Control and Circuit Instability 603 33.9 Signal (or ‘Propagation’) Delay 606 33.10 Noise and Crosstalk 607 33.11 Signal Distortion 608 33.12 Transmission Plan for Digital and ‘Data’ Networks 609 33.13 International Transmission Plan 612 33.14 Private Network Transmission Plan 613 33.15 Circuit and Transmission System Line-up 613 33.16 Network Resource Management 613 33.17 Circuit Provisining Planning 615 33.18 New Cable Planning 616 33.19 Local Line Planning 618 33.20 Trunk and International Line Planning 623 33.21 Radio Transmission Systems 623 33.22 Satellite Transmission Management 628 34 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 633 34.1 Framework for Performance Management 633 34.2 Quality: A Marketing View 635 34.3 Quality of Service (QOS) and Network Performance (NP) 636 34.4 Quality of Service Parameters 640 34.5 Generic Network Performance Parameters 640 34.6 Performance Monitoring Functions of Modern Networks 642 34.7 Network Performance Planning and Measurement 642 34.8 A Few Practical Tips 646 34.9 Summary 646 35 Charging and Accounting for Network Use 647 35.1 Recompense for Network Use 647 35.2 Customer Subscription Charges 648 35.3 Customer Usage Charges 648 35.4 Pulse Metering 649 35.5 Electronic Ticketing 652 35.6 Accounting 652 35.7 Route Destination Accounting 654 35.8 Charging and Accounting on Data Networks 655 35.9 Charging and Accounting for Manual (Operator) Assistance 656 35.10 Charging and Accounting for Leased Circuits 657 35.11 Charging Payphone Calls 657 35.12 Customer Billing 657 35.13 Setting Customer Charges and Accounting Rates 658 35.14 Network Costs and How to Recharge Them 660 35.15 Future Accounting and Charging Practices 662 36 Maintaining the Network 663 36.1 The Objectives of General Maintenance 663 36.2 Maintenance Philosophy 663 36.3 Maintenance Organization 665 36.4 Centralized Operation and Maintenance 666 36.5 Lining Up Analogue and Mixed Analogue/Digital Circuits 667 36.6 High Grade Data Circuit Line-up 671 36. 7 Lining C p Digital Circuits 673 36.8 Performance Objectives 674 36.9 Maintenance ‘Access Points’ 675 36.10 Localizing Network Faults 676 36.11 Hardware Faults 679 36.12 Software Fault 679 36.13 Change Control Procedure for Hardware and Software 680 37 Containing Network Overload 683 37.1 The Effect of Congestion 683 37.2 Network Monitoring 684 37.3 Network Management Controls 687 37.4 Expansive Control Actions 688 37.5 Restrictive Control Actions 691 37.6 Network Management Systems 694 38 Network Economy Measures 695 38.1 Cost Minimization 695 38.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 696 38.3 Time Division Multiplexing (FDM) 698 38.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 699 38.5 Circuit Multiplication Equipment (CME) 699 38.6 Speech Interpolation and Statistical Multiplexing 699 38.7 Analogue Bandwidth Compression and Low Rate Encoding of PCM 703 38.8 Data Multiplexors 706 38.9 Data Compression 707 38.10 Practical Uses of CME 707 38.11 Constraints on the Use of CME 709 39 Network Security Measures 711 39.1 The Trade-off between Confidentiality and Interconnectivity 711 39.2 Different Types of Protection 712 39.3 Encryption 713 39.4 Network Access Control 713 39.5 Path Protection 714 39.6 Destination Access Control 715 39.7 Specific Technical Risks 716 39.8 Carelessness 717 39.9 Call Records 718 39.10 Mimicked Identity 718 39.11 Radio Transmission, LANs and Other Broadcast-type Media 718 39.12 EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) 719 39.13 Message Switching Networks 719 39.14 Other Types of Network Abuse 720 40 Technical Standards for Networks 723 40.1 The Need for Standards 723 40.2 Worldwide International Standards Organizations 724 40.3 Regional and National Standards Organizations 727 40.4 Regulatory Standards Organizations 732 40.5 Other Standards-promoting ‘Fora’ 734 40.6 Proprietary Standards 736 40.7 The Structure and Content of ITU-T Recommendations 738 Part 6 Setting Up Networks 41 Building, Extending and Replacing Networks 743 41.1 Matching Network Capacity to Forecast Demand 743 41.2 Other Factors Affecting the Need for New Exchanges 748 41.3 Factors in Determining an Exchange Provision Programme 749 41.4 Determining a Strategy for Network Evolution 750 41.5 Comparison of Strategy Options 754 41.6 Exchange Design and Specification 754 41.7 Outline Circuit-switched Design: Circuit Numbers and Traffic Balance 756 41.8 Outline Design of Other Types of Network 759 41.9 The Effect of Low Circuit Infill on Exchange and Lineplant Planning 759 41.10 Functional Requirements of Exchanges or Line Systems 760 41.11 Methods of Network or Exchange Modernization 760 42 Selecting and Procuring Equipment 763 42.1 Tendering for Equipment 000 42.2 Project Managment 000 42.3 Procurement Policy 000 42.4 Planning Documentation 000 42.5 The Tender Document 000 42.6 Summary 000 Part 7 Specific Businsses and Networks 777 43 Meeting Business Needs and Creating Competitive Edge 779 43.1 Content of an IT Strategy 779 43.2 The Study of Information Flows 780 43.3 The Tactical Development Plan 786 43.4 Business Applications of IT 787 43.5 Summary 792 44 Network Regulation and Deregulation 793 44.1 Reasons for Deregulation 793 44.2 The Dilemma of Deregulation 795 44.3 Optional Methods of Regulation 797 44.4 Types of Regulatory Bodies 797 44.5 Designation of ‘Customer Premises Equipment’ (CPE) 798 44.6 Deregulation of Value-added Services 798 44.7 Competition in Basic Services 799 44.8 The Instruments of PTO Regulation 800 44.9 European Telecommunications Deregulation 802 44.10 Instruments of United Kingdom Regulation 806 44.11 United States Telecommunications Regulation 809 44.12 Other Countries 813 45 Corporate Networks 815 45.1 Telecommunications Management 815 45.2 Premises Cabling Schemes 816 45.3 Office Computer Networking 819 45.4 Private: Networks 820 45.5 Architecture of Private Networks 822 45.6 Planning Private Network 824 45.7 A Word or Warning 828 45.8 PTO Leased Circuit Offerings 828 45.9 Making Use of Mobile Radio Technology 829 46 Public Networks and Telecommunications Service Providers 831 46.1 Company ‘Mission’ 831 46.2 Identifying and Addressing the PTO’s market 832 46.3 PTO Product Development 834 46.4 PTO Business Development 836 Bibliography 839 Glossary of Terms 849 Glossary of Abbreviations 865 ISO Two-Letter Country Code Abbreviations (ISO 3166) 890 Index 895