This volume is the fourth in a six volume collection that brings together primary sources on gardens and gardening across the long nineteenth-century. Economic expansion, empire, the growth of the middle classes and suburbia, the changing role of women and the professionalisation of gardening, alongside industrialisation and the development of leisure and mass markets were all elements that contributed to and were influenced by the evolution of gardens. It is a subject that is both global and multidisciplinary and this set provides the reader with a variety of ways in which to read gardens – through recognition of how they were conceived and experienced as they developed. Material is primarily derived from Britain, with Europe, USA, Australia, India, China and Japan also featuring, and sources include the gardening press, the broader press, government papers, book excerpts and some previously unpublished material.

Table of Contents:
Volume 4. Science: Applications List of illustrations Acknowledgments General Introduction Introduction to volume 4 Part 1. ‘Nature’s Gardens’ a) Ecology 1. William Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (25 November 1871), pp. 15-16 2. Alexander Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants (La Géographie des Plantes (1807) (English trans. Sylvie Romanowski (2009), pp.64-66, 69-73, 74-75 3. Ernst Haeckel, General Morphology of Organisms (Generelle Morphologie der Organismen) (1866), bk 5, ch. 19, sect 11, excerpt, pp. 286-287; Edwin Lankester, The History of Creation…(1876), pp. 353-354 4. Anne Pratt, ‘Dispersion of Seeds…’, The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland, or, Interesting Facts Respecting Flowers and Plants in General: Designed for the Young (1841) pp. 18-29 5. Louis van Houtte ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and the Virgin Forest of Brazil’ (Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847), excerpt, p. 282, 282b, 282c 6. Charles Darwin, ‘The Struggle for Existence’, The Origin of Species, (1859 edn.), pp. 71-75 7. Henry David Thoreau, ‘The Succession of Trees’ (1860), lecture excerpt b) Environment 8. Louis van Houtte, ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and Virgin Forests of Brazil (‘Courte excursion dans les montagnes des Orgues et dans les forêts vierges au Brésil’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847) p. 282e-f; 302e-f. 9. Charles Naudin, ‘Egoism and Improvidence’ (‘Egoïsme et Imprévoyance’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 11 (1856), pp. 21-24 10. Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (2 December 1871), pp. 26-27 11. F W Burbidge ‘Collecting Orchids Abroad’, Orchids: A Review of their Structure and History, illustrated... (1885), Lewis R Castle, pp. 100-103 12. Jacob Forst, ‘The Cyclopolis in Bloom’, The Midland Florist and Horticulturalist (January 1860), pp. 1-5 13. Edward Newman, ‘Introduction’, ‘Forked Spleenwort’, A History of British Ferns (1840), pp. vii-ix, 73-74 14. Thomas C. March, ‘Moss’, Flower and Fruit Decoration (1862), pp. 30-32 15. Francis Hope, ‘A Plea for Mosses 1 and 2’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (13 February 1875), pp. 204-205; (1 May 1875) 560 Part 2. Experiment a) Plant Breeding and Propagation 16. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Modes of Propagation by Division’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 70-93 17. F. W. Burbidge, ‘Propagation’, in Domestic Floriculture (2nd edn. 1875), pp. 29-38 18. John Lindley, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 July 1844), p. 443 19. Donald Beaton, ‘Greenhouse and Window Gardening’, ‘Geraniums’, Cottage Gardener (9 August 1849), pp. 243-4, ‘Naming New Plants and Crossing Old Ones’, (7 July 1853), 257-8 20. Thomas Meehan, review of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Gardener’s Monthly, vol. 2 (May 1860), pp. 151-153; ‘Variations in Nature: A Contribution to the Doctrine of Evolution, and the Theory of Natural Selection’, An Address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Montreal Meeting (August 1882), pp. 8-14 21. Maxwell T. Masters, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 March 1875), pp. 308-9 22. Shirley Hibberd, ‘The Horticulture of Fifty Years’, Gardeners’ Magazine (7 April, 1883), pp. 163-4 23. William Bateson, ‘Hybridisation and Cross-breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1900), pp. 59-66 b) Glass Gardens 24. J. C. Loudon, ‘Forms of Hot-house Roofs’, ‘Details of the Construction of Roofs…’, Glazing of Hot-house Roofs’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), pp 314-21 25. Joseph Paxton, ‘Description of Victoria Regia House at Chatsworth’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (24 August 1850), p. 548-49 26. Philip Henry Gosse, ‘The Palm-House’, Wanderings through the Conservatories at Kew (1856), pp. 40-6 27. Robert Fish, ‘Erecting a Greenhouse Adjoining a Residence’, Cottage Gardener and Gentleman’s Companion, 12 (5 September 1854), pp. 443-5 28. ‘Hothouses for the Million’, advertisement, Gardener’s Chronicle (21 January 1860), p. 60 29. ‘Horticultural Buildings’, Gardener’s Chronicle (22 February 1896), p. 244; Duncan Tucker catalogue (after 1897) birds-eye-view ‘horticultural joinery mill’ and interior [illustrations] c) Pipes, Pumps and Cement 30. Conrad Loddiges, ‘On Warming Hothouses by Steam’, Botanical Cabinet, vol. 3 (1818) 31. James Main, ‘On Heating Hot-houses by Hot Water; with some account of a new mode, the invention of Mr Weekes’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (February 1833), pp. 34-36; Loudon response, 36-37; Advert, ‘Weekes Radiator, Gardeners’ Chronicle (11 August 1860), 742 32. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Gas Heating’, The Amateur’s Greenhouse and Conservatory (1873), pp. 22-26 33. J. C. Loudon, ‘On the Construction of Fountains for Gardens’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (April 1833), pp. 208-17 34. Joseph Paxton, ‘The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth’, Paxton’s Magazine of Botany, vol. 11 (1844) pp. 223-227 35. Freeman Roe, Hand-book of Fountains (1845), pp. 12-14; ‘Hydraulic Ram’ pp. 38-43 36. ‘Observator’, ‘On the Construction of Artificial Rock’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (4 March 1843), p. 134 37. Anon, ‘Artistic Grottoes and Rock Formations’, Neubert’s Deutsches Garten-Magazin, vol. 1 (1882), pp. 136-8 d) Garden Implements and Machines 38. Anon, ‘Tools and Instruments’, Revue Horticole, vol. 1 (April 1829), pp. 19-20 39. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Stirring the Soil’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 7-11 40. Elizabeth Watts, extract from Flowers and the Flower Garden… (1867), pp. 15-16 41. Thomas Record, ‘Watering Contrivances’, Journal of Horticulture vol. 24 (1873), 429-32 42. James Glaisher, ‘On a Thermometer for Taking Temperatures at the Roots of Plants’, ‘On a Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 4 (1873), 25-7 43. J. C. Loudon, ‘Budding’s Machine for Cropping or Shearing the Vegetable surface of Lawns, Green Plots etc’ Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 8 (January 1832), pp. 34-36; ‘Patent Lawn-mowing and Rolling Machines’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1869), p. 742; William Paul, Handbook of Villa Gardening (1865), pp. 18-22; Max de Nansouty, ‘Gardening and Automobilism’, Le Jardin (1899), 220-21 44. Henry Steuart, The Planter's Guide; Or, A Practical Essay on the Best Method of Giving Immediate Effect to Wood (1828), pp. 223-35 45. William Barron, ‘On Transplanting Large Trees’, British Winter Garden (1852), pp. 25-39 e) Deterrents 46. J. C. Loudon, ‘Machines of Defence’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), pp. 235-37 47. Peter Kendall, ‘On the Employment of Cats in the Preservation of Fruit from Birds’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 2nd series, vol. 1 (1835), pp. 390-1; George Fergusson Wilson, ‘Scarecrows’, Gardener’s Chronicle (23 November 1872), p. 1556 48. ‘The Accompanying Branches…Destruction…Winter Moth…, Scientific Committee, Report of meeting of 7 June 1872’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 3, pp. lxxx–lxxxi 49. P. M. A. Millardet, Report on the Use of a Mixture of Lime and Copper Sulphate against Mildew’, Journal d’Agriculture Pratique (1885), pt 2, pp. 731-4 50. ‘Gishurst Compound’, advertisement, Gardeners’ Chronicle (26 February 1859), p. 182: John Lindley, leader, (9 April 1859), 312 f) Fertilisers 51. Isaac Emmerton, ‘Composts Nos 1-8’, A Plain and Practical Treatise on the Culture & Management of the Auricula, Polyanthus, Carnation, Pink, and the Ranunculus; with Full Directions for Preparing the Most Approved Composts, Raising New Varieties from Seed, & C. & C. Founded Upon Thirty Years' Successful Experience (1815), pp. 56-69 52. J. C. Loudon, ‘Hints for a Plan for Saving Manure Lost in the Common Sewers of London’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 5 (December 1829), pp. 690-91 53. Victor Hugo, ‘The Intestines of Leviathan’, Les Miserables, (1862) 54. John Lindley, ‘New Manure Called Guano’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1841), p. 598, ‘Adulterated Guano’, [Leader] (11 May 1850), p. 291, ‘London Guano - Bermondsey Incident’, (1 June), 342 55. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Manures and Composts’, Profitable Gardening (1863), pp. 27-36 56. John Bennet Lawes, ‘Superphosphate of Lime’, ‘In What do the Fertilising Qualities of Bones Consist?’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1844), p. 107 Select bibliography of sources List of press sources Select bibliography of works cited Index