Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Fourth Edition captures the rapid developments in understanding the mechanisms of virulence of the major bacterial pathogens of animals. Now including a color plate section, the book presents an overview of pathogenesis, including relevant events that occur in the herd or flock and its environment, and activities that take place at the cellular and molecular levels. With contributions from 64 experts in the field, this book serves as a great reference for graduate students in veterinary medicine and animal science, microbiologists, virologists and pathologists.
Table of Contents:
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
1 Themes in Bacterial Pathogenic Mechanisms 3
C. L. Gyles and J. F. Prescott
Introduction 3
Basic Steps in Pathogenesis Continue to Provide a Sound Foundation 3
Concepts of Virulence are Being Refined 6
Host–Bacteria Communication is Critical 7
Pathogenesis in the Post-Genomic Era 10
Evolution of Pathogens—The Path Traveled May Provide Insights into the Road Ahead 11
2 Subversion of the Immune Response by Bacterial Pathogens 15
D. C. Hodgins and P. E. Shewen
Introduction 15
Subversion of Innate Immune Responses 16
Subversion of Adaptive Immunity 25
Conclusion 28
3 Evolution of Bacterial Virulence 33
P. Boerlin
What are Pathogens and How do They Emerge? 33
Bacterial Fitness and Virulence 35
Sources of Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Genome Plasticity 36
Pathogenicity Islands 37
Bacteriophages and Their Role in Pathogen Evolution and Virulence 38
Illustrations of Virulence Evolution 39
Conclusion 45
4 Streptococcus 51
J. F. Timoney
Introduction 51
Streptococcus agalactiae 53
Streptococcus dysgalactiae 55
Streptococcus uberis 55
Streptococcus equi 57
Streptococcus zooepidemicus 62
Streptococcus canis 63
Streptococcus porcinus 64
Streptococcus suis 65
Streptococcus pneumoniae 67
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 68
5 Staphylococcus 75
K. Hermans, L. A. Devriese, and F. Haesebrouck
Introduction 75
Characteristics of the Organism 75
Pathogenic Staphylococcus Species 76
Sources of the Bacterium 77
Bacterial Virulence Factors 78
Pathogenesis 81
Types of Disease and Pathologic Changes 82
Interactions between the Bacterium and Host Defenses 83
Immunity and Its Impact on Pathogenesis 84
Conclusions: New Developments 85
6 Bacillus anthracis91
J. Mogridge, S. Shadomy, and P. Turnbull
Introduction 91
Etiology, Ecology, and Epidemiology 91
Symptomatology and Diagnosis 94
Bacteriology 95
Pathogenesis 96
Immunology 102
Control 107
Future Directions 107
7 Mycobacterium 113
I. Olsen, R. G. Barletta, and C. O. Thoen
Introduction 113
Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 113
Bacterial Virulence Factors 115
Pathogenesis 117
Immunity 119
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 126
8 Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium 133
R. Moore, A. Miyoshi, L. G. C. Pacheco, N. Seyffert, and V. Azevedo
Corynebacterium 133
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 133
Other Corynebacteria 137
Arcanobacterium 138
Arcanobacterium pyogenes 138
Future Directions 141
9 Rhodococcus 149
J. F. Prescott, W. G. Meijer, and J. A. Vázquez-Boland
Introduction 149
Characteristics and Sources of the Organism 149
Bacterial Virulence Factors 150
Pathogenesis 154
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 161
10 Listeria 167
C. J. Czuprynski, S. Kathariou, and K. Poulsen
Introduction 167
Characteristics 168
Sources of Infection 169
Virulence Factors 170
Pathogenesis 172
Host–Pathogen Interactions in Listeriosis 177
Prevention and Treatment 179
Conclusion 179
11 Neurotoxigenic Clostridia 189
H. Böhnel and F. Gessler
Introduction 189
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum 189
Toxins 191
Tetanus 191
Botulism 193
Control and Prevention 197
BoNT as Therapeutics 197
Conclusions 197
12 Histotoxic Clostridia 203
J. Glenn Songer
Introduction 203
Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis 203
Clostridium perfringens 203
Clostridium septicum 204
Clostridium chauvoei 205
Clostridium novyi 205
Clostridium sordellii 206
Conclusion 206
13 Enteric Clostridia 211
J. Glenn Songer
Introduction 211
Clostridium perfringens 211
Clostridium difficile 218
Clostridium septicum 221
Clostridium spiroforme 221
Clostridium piliforme 222
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 222
14 Salmonella 231
P. A. Barrow, M. A. Jones, and N. Thomson
Introduction 231
Salmonella Infections of Cattle 232
Salmonella Infections of Sheep 233
Salmonella Infections of Pigs 234
Infections of Domestic Fowl and Other Avian Species 235
Colonization of the Intestine 237
Salmonella Invasion and Enteropathogenesis 240
Systemic Disease 245
Genome Structure with Reference to Virulence 250
Immunity to Infection and Its Manipulation by Salmonella 255
Conclusion—Problems and Opportunities 257
Color Plate Section
15 Escherichia coli 267
C. L. Gyles and J. M. Fairbrother
Introduction 267
Types of Escherichia coli Implicated in Disease 268
ETEC 268
Pathogenesis of ETEC 276
STEC 279
EPEC 285
ExPEC 289
Immunity 297
Conclusions 298
16 Yersinia 309
M. A. Bergman, R. Chafel, and J. Mecsas
Introduction 309
Classification of Yersinia Species 309
Sources of Yersinia Species 311
Virulence Factors 312
Pathogenesis 316
Vaccines 320
Future Directions 320
17 Pasteurella 325
J. D. Boyce, M. Harper, I. W. Wilkie, and B. Adler
Introduction 325
Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 325
Diseases Caused by Pasteurella multocida 327
Pasteurella multocida: Bacterial Virulence Factors 328
Pathogenesis 333
Immunity in Pasteurella multocida Infections 337
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 340
Acknowledgment 340
18 Mannheimia 347
R. Y. C. Lo
Introduction 347
Characteristics and Sources of Mannheimia 347
Bacterial Virulence Factors 348
Pathogenesis and Disease 354
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 356
Acknowledgments 356
19 Actinobacillus 363
J. I. MacInnes
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 364
Actinobacillus lignieresii 375
Actinobacillus equuli 376
Actinobacillus suis 377
Future Prospects 379
20 Haemophilus 387
I. Sandal, L. B. Corbeil, and T. J. Inzana
Introduction 387
Characteristics 387
Habitat and Transmission 388
Histophilus somni 388
Haemophilus parasuis 397
Avibacterium paragallinarum 400
Conclusions 402
21 Bordetella 411
K. Register and E. Harvill
Introduction 411
Characteristics of the Genus 411
Sources of the Bacteria 412
Virulence Factors 412
Pathogenesis 419
Conclusion 423
22 Brucella 429
S. C. Olsen, B. H. Bellaire, R. M. Roop II, and C. O. Thoen
Introduction 429
Characteristics and Sources of the Organisms 429
Bacterial Virulence Factors 431
Pathogenesis 432
Disease Control and Epidemiology 437
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 438
23 Pseudomonas 443
E. L. Westman, J. M. Matewish, and J. S. Lam
Introduction 443
Overview of Pathogenesis 446
Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 448
Antibiotic Resistance 456
Impact of Whole Genome Sequences 458
Vaccines 459
Conclusions and Future Prospects 460
24 Moraxella 469
J. A. Angelos
Introduction 469
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis 469
Pathogenesis of Moraxella bovis 470
Conclusions 476
25 Campylobacter and Helicobacter483
L. A. Joens, F. Haesebrouck, and F. Pasmans
Campylobacter (by L. A. Joens) 483
Helicobacter (by F. Haesebrouck and F. Pasmans) 485
Gastric Helicobacters 486
Enterohepatic Helicobacters 488
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors 489
Conclusions 493
26 Lawsonia intracellularis 503
C. J. Gebhart and R. M. C. Guedes
Characteristics of Lawsonia intracellularis 504
Sources of Lawsonia intracellularis 505
Virulence Factors 505
Pathogenesis 506
Conclusion 509
27 Gram-negative Anaerobes 513
D. J. Hampson, T. G. Nagaraja, R. M. Kennan, and J. I. Rood
Introduction 513
General Bacterial Virulence Factors 513
Fusobacterium 514
Bacteroides 517
Prevotella and Porphyromonas 517
Dichelobacter 518
Treponema 520
Brachyspira 521
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 523
28 Leptospira 527
B. Adler and A. de la Peña Moctezuma
Leptospira—The Basics 527
Leptospirosis—The Disease 528
Genomics, Proteomics, and Molecular Biology 531
Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis 534
Mechanisms of Immunity in Leptospirosis 536
Diagnosis of Leptospirosis and the Typing of Isolates 540
Gaps in Knowledge and Anticipated Developments 541
Acknowledgments 541
29 Mycoplasma 549
G. F. Browning, M. S. Marenda, P. F. Markham, A. H. Noormohammadi, and K. G. Whithear
Introduction 549
Characteristics of the Organism 549
Sources of the Bacterium 550
Bacterial Virulence Factors 550
Pathogenesis 552
Interactions 558
Protective Immunity 563
Conclusions 565
30 Chlamydia 575
A. Pospischil, N. Borel, and A. A. Andersen
Introduction 575
Classification 575
Host–Parasite Relationship: Clinical Disease and Pathogenesis 576
Life Cycle 579
Aberrant Development Cycle 579
Host Response 580
Prevention and Control 581
Future Directions 582
31 Rickettsiales 589
T. Waner, S. Mahan, P. Kelly, and S. Harrus
Introduction 589
Family Anaplasmataceae 590
Family Rickettsiaceae 607
Index 623
