The latest discoveries in the rapidly changing fields of neuroscience and physiological psychology are all incorporated in The Tenth Edition of Physiology of Behavior. This classic text continues its tradition as the most comprehensive, current, and teachable text for physiological psychology.

Table of Contents:
    Brief Table of Contents Chapter 1         Introduction  1 Chapter 2         Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System  28      Chapter 3         Structure of the Nervous System  68 Chapter 4         Psychopharmacology 102 Chapter 5         Methods and Strategies of Research  134 Chapter 6         Vision  169 Chapter 7         Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Sense  212 Chapter 8         Control of Movement  262 Chapter 9         Sleep and Biological Rhythms  295 Chapter 10       Reproductive Behavior  329 Chapter 11       Emotion  366 Chapter 12       Ingestive Behavior  400 Chapter 13       Learning and Memory  439 Chapter 14       Human Communication  485 Chapter 15       Neurological Disorders  520 Chapter 16       Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders  554 Chapter 17       Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders  585 Chapter 18       Drug Abuse  613         Detailed Table of Contents   Chapter 1        Introduction  1 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH Blindsight  4 Split Brains  4 Unilateral Neglect  7 Interim Summary  9 THE NATURE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY  9 The Goals of Research  10 Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology  10 Interim Summary  14 NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION  14 Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits  14 Evolution of the Human Species  17 Evolution of Large Brains  20 Interim Summary  22 ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS  23 CAREERS IN NEUROSCIENCE  24 Interim Summary  25 STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING  26 SUGGESTED READINGS  27 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  27   Chapter 2        Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System  28          CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  30 Neurons  30 Supporting Cells  36 The Blood-Brain Barrier  40 Interim Summary  41 COMMUNICATION WITHIN A NEURON  42 Neural Communication: An Overview  42 Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons  43 The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces  45 The Action Potential  47 Conduction of the Action Potential  49 Interim Summary  52 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS  53 Structure of Synapses  53 Release of Neurotransmitter  55 Activation of Receptors  57 Postsynaptic Potentials  59 Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials  60 Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration  62 Autoreceptors  62 Other Types of Synapses  63 Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication  64 Interim Summary  66 SUGGESTED READINGS  67 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  67   Chapter 3        Structure of the Nervous System  68 BASIC FEATURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  69 An Overview  72 Meninges  72 The Ventricular System and Production of CSF  73 Interim Summary  76 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  76 Development of the Central Nervous System  77 The Forebrain  82 The Midbrain  91 The Hindbrain  93 The Spinal Cord  94 Interim Summary  95 THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  96 Spinal Nerves  96 Cranial Nerves  97 The Autonomic Nervous System  97 Interim Summary  101 SUGGESTED READINGS  101 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  101   Chapter 4        Psychopharmacology 102 PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY  104 Pharmacokinetics  104 Drug Effectiveness  107 Effects of Repeated Administration  108 Placebo Effects  109 Interim Summary  110 SITES OF DRUG ACTION  110 Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters  111 Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters  111 Effects on Receptors  112 Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters  113 Interim Summary  114 NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS  114 Acetylcholine  115 The Monamines  118 Amino Acids  124 Peptides  127 Lipids  128 Nucleosides  130 Soluble Gases  130 Interim Summary  131 SUGGESTED READINGS  133 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  133   Chapter 5        Methods and Strategies of Research  134 EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION  136 Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage  136 Producing Brain Lesions  136 Stereotaxic Surgery138 Histological Methods  139 Tracing Neural Connections  143 Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain  146 Interim Summary  149 RECORDING AND STIMULATING NEURAL ACTIVITY  151 Recording Neural Activity  151 Recording the Brain’s Metabolic Activity  153 Stimulating Neural Activity  155 Interim Summary  159 NEUROCHEMICAL METHODS  160 Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals  160 Localizing Particular Receptors  162 Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain  163 Interim Summary  164 GENETIC METHODS  165 Twin Studies 166 Adoption Studies  166 Targeted Mutations  166 Antisense Oligonucleotides  167 Interim Summary  167 SUGGESTED READINGS  167 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  168   Chapter 6        Vision  169 THE STIMULUS  171 ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM  172 The Eyes  172 Photoreceptors  174 Connections Between Eye and Brain  176 Interim Summary  178 CODING OF VISUAL INFORMATION IN THE RETINA  179 Coding of Light and Dark  179 Coding of Color  181 Interim Summary  185 ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE STRIATE CORTEX  186 Anatomy of the Striate Cortex  186 Orientation and Movement  186 Spatial Frequency  187 Retinal Disparity  189 Color  189 Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex  190 Interim Summary  191 ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX  192 Two Streams of Visual Analysis  192 Perception of Color  195 Perception of Form  196 Perception of Movement  202 Perception of Spatial Location  206 Interim Summary  209 SUGGESTED READINGS  211 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES   211   Chapter 7        Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Sense  212 AUDIITON  212 The Stimulus  212         Anatomy of the Ear  214 Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information  216 The Auditory Pathway  218 Perception of Pitch  221 Perception of Loudness  224 Perception of Timbre  224 Perception of Spatial Location  225 Perception of Complex Sounds  229 Interim Summary  233 VESTIBULAR SYSTEM  234 Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus  234 The Receptor Cells  235 The Vestibular Pathway  235 Interim Summary  237 SOMATOSENSES  237 The Stimuli  237 Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs  238 Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation  238 The Somatosensory Pathways  242 Perception of Pain  243 Interim Summary  248 GUSTATION  250 The Stimuli  250 Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells  250 Perception of Gustatory Information  251 The Gustatory Pathway  253 Interim Summary  254 OLFACTION  255 The Stimulus  255 Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus  255 Transduction of Olfactory Information  257 Perception of Specific Odors  257 Interim Summary  260 SUGGESTED READINGS  260 ADDITIONAL RESOURC ES  261   Chapter 8        Control of Movement  262 MUSCLES  263 Skeletal Muscle  263 Smooth Muscle  266 Cardiac Muscle  267 Interim Summary  267 REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT  268 The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex  268 The Gamma Motor System  270 Polysynaptic Reflexes  270 Interim Summary  272 CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN  272 Organization of the Motor Cortex  273 Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways  274 Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex  277 Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System  280 Control of Reaching and Grasping  283 Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias  284 The Basal Ganglia  285 The Cerebellum  289 The Reticular Formation  292 Interim Summary  293 SUGGESTED READINGS  294 ADDITONAL RESOURCES  294   Chapter 9        Sleep and Biological Rhythms  295 A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION OF SLEEP  295 Stages of Sleep  295 Mental Activity During Sleep  300 Interim Summary  301 DISORDERS OF SLEEP  301 Insomnia  301 Narcolepsy  302 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder  304 Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep  304 Interim Summary  305 WHY DO WE SLEEP?  306  Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep  306 Functions of REM Sleep 308 Sleep and Learning  309 Interim Summary  310 PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP AND WAKING  311 Chemical Control of Sleep  311 Neural Control of Arousal  312 Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep  314 Neural Control of REM Sleep  317 Interim Summary  320 BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS  321 Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers  321 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus  322 Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin  326 Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag  327 Interim Summary  328 SUGGESTED READINGS  328 SUGGESTED READINGS  328   Chapter 10      Reproductive Behavior  329 SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT  330 Production of Gametes and Fertilization  330 Development of the Sex Organs  331 Sexual Maturation  334 Interim Summary  336 HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  337   Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles  338 Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals  338 Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization  340 Effects of Pheromones  341  Human Sexual Behavior  344 Sexual Orientation  346  Interim Summary  352 NEURAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  353 Males  353 Females  355 Formation of Pair Bonds  358 Interim Summary  359 PARENTAL BEHAVIOR  360 Maternal Behavior of Rodents  360 Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior  361 Neural Control of Maternal Behavior  362 Neural Control of Paternal Behavior  364 Interim Summary  364 SUGGESTED READINGS  365 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  365   Chapter 11      Emotion  366 EMOTIONS AS RESPONSE PATTERNS  367 Fear  368 Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control  372 Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior  380 Interim Summary  384 COMMUNICATION OF EMOTIONS  385 Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses  385 Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition  386 Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression  391 Interim Summary  395 FEELINGS OF EMOTIONS  396 The James-Lange Theory  396 Feedback from Simulated Emotions  397 Interim Summary  399 SUGGESTED READINGS  399  ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  399   Chapter 12      Ingestive Behavior  400 PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS  401 DRINKING  402 Some Facts About Fluid Balance 403 Two Types of Thirst  404 Neural Mechanisms of Thirst  407 Interim Summary  408 EATING: SOME FACTS ABOUT METABOLISM  409 Interim Summary  412 WHAT STARTS A MEAL?  412 Signals from the Environment  412 Signals from the Stomach  413 Metabolic Signals  414 Interim Summary  415 WHAT STOPS A MEAL?  416 Head Factors  416 Gastric Factors  416 Intestinal Factors  416 Liver Factors  417 Insulin  418 Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue 418 Interim Summary  419 BRAIN MECHANISMS  420 Brain Stem  420 Hypothalamus  420 Interim Summary  426 OBESITY  427 Possible Causes  427 Treatment  430 Interim Summary  433 ANOREXIA NERVOSA/BULIMIA NERVOSA  434 Possible Causes  435 Treatment  436 Interim Summary  437 SUGGESTED READINGS  438 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  438   Chapter 13      Learning and Memory  439 THE NATURE OF LEARNING  440 Interim Summary  443 SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY: LONG-TERM POTENTIATION  AND LONG-TERM DEPRESSION  444    Induction of Long-Term Potentiation  444 Role of NMDA Receptors  446 Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity  448 Long-Term Depression  452 Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation  453 Interim Summary  454 PERCEPTUAL LEARNING  454 Learning to Recognize Stimuli  454 Perceptual Short-Term Memory  456 Interim Summary  457 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING  458 Interim Summary  459 INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING  460 Basal Ganglia 460 Reinforcement  461 Interim Summary  465 RELATIONAL LEARNING  465 Human Anterograde Amnesia  465 Spared Learning Abilities  467 Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories  468 Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia  469 Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories  471 Episodic and Semantic Memories  475 Spatial Memory  476 Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals  477 Interim Summary  483 SUGGESTED READINGS  484 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  484   Chapter 14      Human Communication  485 SPEECH PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION: BRAIN  MECHANISMS  486 Lateralization  486 Speech Production  487 Speech Comprehension  491 Aphasia in Deaf People  501 Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech  502 Stuttering  504 Interim Summary  505 DISORDERS OF READING AND WRITING  507 Relation to Aphasia  507 Pure Alexia  507 Toward an Understanding of Reading  508 Toward an Understanding of Writing  515 Developmental Dyslexias  517 Interim Summary  518 SUGGESTED READINGS  519 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  519   Chapter 15      Neurological Disorders  520 TUMORS  521 SEIZURE DISORDERS  523  CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS  527 Interim Summary  531 DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT  532 Toxic Chemicals  532 Inherited Metabolic Disorders  533 Down Syndrome  534 Interim Summary  534 DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS  535 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies  535 Parkinson’s Disease  537 Huntington’s Disease  541 Alzheimer’s Disease  543 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis  548 Multiple Sclerosis  549 Korsakoff’s Syndrome  550 Interim Summary  551 DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASES  552 Interim Summary  553 SUGGESTED READINGS  553 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  553   Chapter 16      Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders  554 SCHIZOPHRENIA  556 Description  556 Heritability  557 Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis   558 Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder  560  Interim Summary  50 MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDERS  572 Description  572 Heritability  573 Biological Treatments  573 The Monoamine Hypothesis  576 The Amygdala and the Prefrontal Cortex: Role of the 5-HT Transporter  577 Role of  Neurogensis  580 Role of Circadian Rhythms  581 Interim Summary  583 SUGGESTED READINGS  584 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  584   Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders  585 ANXIETY DISORDERS  587 Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder  587 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  589 Interim Summary  593 AUTISTIC DISORDER  593 Description  593 Possible Causes  594 Interim Summary  597 ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER  598 Description  598 Possible Causes  598 Interim Summary  601 STRESS DISORDERS  601  Physiology of the Stress Response  601 Health Effects of Long-Term Stress  603 Effects of Stress on the Brain  604 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  606 Psychoneuroimmunology  608 Interim Summary  611  SUGGESTED READINGS  612 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES  612   Chapter 18      Drug Abuse  613 COMMON FEATURES OF ADDICTION A Little Background Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Craving and Relapse Interim Summary COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS Opiates Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine and Amphetamine Nicotine Alcohol Cannabis Interim Summary HEREDITY AND DRUG ABUSE Interim Summary THERAPY FOR DRUG ABUSE Interim Summary SUGGESTED READINGS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES   REFERENCES  641 NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX