Along with the rising energy demand in the 21st century and the growing recognition of global warming and environmental pollution, energy supply has become an integral and cross cutting element of every country's economy. In recent years, more and more countries have prioritized sustainable, renewable, and clean energy sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, etc., as the replacements for fossil fuels. Wind power is the fastest growing alternative energy segment, providing an attractive cost structure relative to other alternative energy. Wind energy has played a significant role in North American and European countries, and some developing countries such as China and India. In 2008, over 27 GW of new wind capacity were installed over the world. There is no doubt that wind power will play a major role as the world moves towards a sustainable energy future. This book provides engineers and researchers in both the wind power industry and energy research community with comprehensive, up-to-date, and advanced design techniques and practical approaches.The topics addressed in this book involve the major concerns in the wind power generation and wind turbine design, and include the more recent developments in wind power generation. This book is a useful and timely contribution to the wind technical community and suitable as a textbook for both undergraduate and graduate students.

Table of Contents:
Wind Power Generation and Wind Turbine Design TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Wind Energy Wind energy: Wind generation -Uneven solar heating, Coriolis force, Local geography History of wind energy applications - Sailing, Wind in metal smelting processes, Windmills, Wind turbines, Kites: Wind energy characteristics - Wind power - Blade swept area, Air density ,Wind power density:Wind characteristics - Wind speed, Weibull distribution, Wind turbulence, Wind gust, Wind direction, Wind shear:Modern wind turbines - Wind turbine classification - Horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines, Upwind and downwind wind turbines, Wind turbine capacity, Direct drive and geared drive wind turbines, On-grid and off-grid wind turbines, Onshore and offshore wind turbines:Wind turbine configuration:Wind power parameters - Power coefficient, Total power conversion coefficient and effective power output, Lanchester-Bets limit - Power curve, Tip speed ratio, Wind turbine capacity factor Wind turbine controls - Pitch control, Stall control, Yaw control, Other control approaches Challenges in wind power generation - Environmental impacts, Wind turbine noise, Integration of wind power into grid, Thermal management of wind turbines, Wind energy storage, Wind turbine lifetime, Cost of electricity from wind power: Trends in wind turbine developments and wind power generation - High-power, large-capacity wind turbine, Offshore wind turbine, Direct drive wind turbine, High efficient blade, Floating wind turbine, Wind turbine with contra-rotating rotors, Drivetrain, Integration of wind and other energy sources - Wind-solar hybrid system, Wind-hydro hybrid system, Wind-hydrogen system, Wind-diesel power generation system Chapter 2 Wind Resource and Site Assessment Initial site identification: Wind speed measurements - Introduction, Instruments - General, Cup anemometer, Ultrasonic anemometer, Propeller anemometer, Remote sensing - Calibration, Mounting, Measurement period and averaging time:Data analysis - Long-term correction - Introduction, Regression method, Energy index method - Weibull distribution Spatial extrapolation - Introduction, Vertical extrapolation - Introduction, Influence of roughness, Influence of atmospheric stability, Influence of orography, Influence of obstacles, Flow models - General, WasP: Siting and site suitability: Site classification: Energy yield and losses Chapter 3 Aerodynamics and Aeroelastics of Wind Turbines Initial site identification: Analytical theories - Blade element theories, Optimum blade shape Numerical CFD methods applied to wind turbine flow: Experiments - Field rotor aerodynamics, NREL unseady aerodynamic experiments in the NASA Ames wind tunnel, MWXICO: Aeroelastics - Generalities, Tasks of aeroelasticity, Instructive example: the Baltic thunder: Impact on commercial system - Small wind turbines, Main-stream wind turbines, Multi MW turbines:Non-standard wind turbines - Vertical axis wind turbines, Diffuser systems Chapter 4 Structural Dynamics of Wind Turbines Wind turbines from a structural stand point: Formulation of the dynamic equations: Beam theory and FEM approximations - Basic assumptions and equation derivation, Principle of virtual work and FE approximations:Multi-component systems - Reformulation of the dynamic equations, Connection conditions, Implementation issues, Eigenvalue analysis and linear stability: Aeroelastic coupling: Rotor stability analysis: More advanced modeling issues - Timoshenko beam model, 2nd order beam models: Structural analysis and engineering practice - Modes at stand still, Dynamic simulations, Stability assessment Chapter 5 Wind Turbine Aeroacoustics What is noise?: Are wind turbines really noise?:Definitions:Wind turbine noise - Generation - Mechanical noise, Aerodynamic noise - Propagation, Immission, Wind turbine noise regulations:Wind turbine noise measurements - On-site measurements - Ground board, Acoustic parabola, Proximity microphone, Acoustic antenna - Wind-tunnel measurements Noise prediction - Category I models, Category II models - Trailing edge noise, Separation-stall noise, Tip vortex formation noise, Boundary layer vortex shedding noise, Trailing edge bluntness vortex shedding noise, Noise due to atmospheric turbulence, Sample results - Category III models, Noise propagation models - Spherical spreading model, VDI 2714, Ray-tracing models: Noise reduction strategies:Future perspective Chapter 6 Design and Development of MW Wind Turbines All new turbine design - Technology readless levels (TRLs), Technology proof's required (TRL-1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) - early phase, Technologies in-hand (TRL-6, 7, 8 & 9) - late phase -Incremental improvements to existing turbine design, The state of technology and the industry Motivation for developing megawatt-size wind turbines - Value analysis for wind - The cost for value analysis, Concepts and definitions, Value analysis outline, Simplified equations for CoE and TV - The systems view, Renewables, competitors and traditional fossil based energy production, Critical to quality (CTQ) attributes: The product design process - Establishing the need, The business case, Tollgates, Structuring the team, Product requirements and product specification, Launching the product - Re-assessing on a regular basis - Design definition: conceptual (R) preliminary (R) detailed, Design parameters for value and CTQ attributes, Technology curves, Influence coefficients and functional relationships - Continual cycles of re-focus; systems-components-systems-MW wind turbine design techniques, Requirements -Turbine, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability - Systems - New wind turbine design. Mechanical-electrical power conversion architecture, Governing dimensional considerations, Wind turbine system modeling for determining design loads, Load calculations, Load cases, Load levels, Impact to system design - Components - Impact to component cost, Power performance calculations, Acoustics and vibrations, Thermal management, Dynamic systems analysis - Mechanical - Blades, Pitch bearing and drive system, Rotor hub, Rotor main shaft and bearings, Mainframe or bedplate, Machine head mass, Gearbox, Drivetrain dynamics, Rotor lock - low speed and high speed shafts, Disk brake system and hydraulics, Flexible torque coupling, Signal slip ring, Yaw bearing and drive system, Nacelle and nose cone, Tower, Structural bolted connections,Fire detection system - Electrical - Turbine - generator and converter, Turbine - electrical transformer, Turbine - grounding, overvoltage and lightning protection, Turbine - aviation/ ship obstruction lights, Collection and delivery - WPP electrical balance of plant (BOP) - Controls - Turbine control, SCADA hardware and software, WPP control system, Grid transient response - Siting - Site - specific loads analysis, Foundations, Offshore foundation: Special considerations in MW wind turbine design - Continuously circling back to value engineering, Intellectual property (IP), Permitting and perceptions, Codes and standards, Third party certification, Markets, finance structures and policy, MW wind turbine development techniques - Validation background, Technology roadmaps, Jugular experiments, Technology demonstrators, Prototypes - Product validation techniques - System level validation, Component validation, Rotor blade static and fatigue testing Chapter 7 Design and Development of Small Wind Turbines Small wind technology - Small wind system configurations, Small wind turbine rotor design - Rotor aerodynamics, Rotor overspeed control, Rotor manufacturing considerations - System design - DC systems, AC systems, Braking systems, Power cabling, Control system design - Tower design - Future developments Chapter 8 Development and Analysis of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines Historical development of VAWTs - Early VAWT designs, VAWT types - Savonius turbines, Drrieus turbines, Straight blade VAWTs, Giromills, Other designs and innovations - VAWTs in marine current applications: Analysis of VAWT performance - Double-multiple-streamtube analysis - Double-multiple-atreamtube analysis of curved-blade VAWTs, Variable-pitch VAWTs, Flow curvature and dynamic stall, Application and limitations of the double-multiple-streamtube method, Other methods of VAWT analysis Chapter 9 Direct Drive Superconducting Wind Generators Wind turbine technology - Wind turbine market, Case for direct drive, Direct drive generators Superconducting rotating machines - Superconductivity, High temperature superconductors, HTS rotating machines: HTS technology in wind turbines - Benefits of HTS generator technology, Commercial exploitation of HTS wind generators - HTS wire, Generator design, Cooling system: Developments in HTS wires - 1G HTS wire technology, 2G HTS wire technology, HTS wire cost trends:Converteam HTS wind generator - Generator specification, Project aims, Conceptual design, Design challenges - Rotor torque transmission, Managing mechanical forces, Wind turbulence, Cooling of HTS coils, Airgap stator design, Stator iron losses - The cost-benefit study, Model generator, Material testing and component prototypes, The full scale detailed design: The way forward:Other HTS wind generator projects Chapter 10 Intelligent Wind Power Unit with Tandem Wind Rotors Previous works on tandem wind rotors :Superior operation of intelligent wind power unit Preparation of double rotational armature type generator - Double-fed induction generator with double rotational armatures, Synchronous generator with double rotational armatures: Demonstration of intelligent wind power unit - Preparation of the tentative tandem wind rotors - Front blade design, Rear blade design - Preparation of the model unit and operations on the vehicle, Performances of the tandem wind rotors, Trial of the reasonable operation: Optimizing the profiles of tandem wind rotors - Experiments in the wind tunnel, Optimum diameter ratio of front and rear wind rotors, Optimum axial distance between front and rear wind rotors, Characteristics of the tandem wind rotors Chapter 11 Offshore Wind Turbine Design Offshore resource potential:Current technology trends:Offshore-specific design challenges - Economic challenges, 25-meter barrier challenge, Overcoming the 25-meter barrier - Design envelope challenge,Wind speed assumptions, Turbulence ratio, Hurricanes, Geotechnical conditions, Mud line evaluation, Sediment transportation, Unique US challenges and oil & gas experiences - Corrosion, installation and O&M challenges, Environmental footprint: Subcomponent design - Low cost foundation concepts, Level-controlled suction caisson foundations, Jetting and grouting in deep sea piling, Tethered foundations, Hybrid tethered system - Rotor design for offshore wind turbines, Structural concept, Aerodynamics and blade geometry optimization - Offshore control, monitoring, diagnostics and repair systems, Drivetrain and electrical system:Other noteworthy innovations and improvements in technology -Assembly-line procedures, System design of rotor with drivetrain, Service model Chapter 12 New Small Turbine Technologies Definition of small wind turbines (SWT): Low Reynolds number problem: Other technical problems particular with SWTs: Purposes of use of SWTs: Wind conditions - External conditions - Wind turbine class, S class - Normal wind conditions and External wind conditions, Models of wind characteristics: Design of SWTs - Conceptual design, HAWT or VAWT, Wind characteristics - Aerodynamic design - Annual energy production, Optimization for maximum energy yield, One-point optimal rotor design, In case of constant-speed WT, Multi-point optimal rotor design - Selection of aerofoil sections - Mechanism of performance reduction, High lift devices, Blade material -Structural design: Control strategy of SWTs:Yaw control - Tail wing - Variety of tail wings, New types of tail wings - Passive yaw control with downwind system:Power/speed control - Initial start-up control, Power/speed control - Aerodynamic methods, Mechanical methods, Electro-magnetic methods:Tests and verification - Safety requirements, Laboratory and field tests of a new rotor - Wind tunnel test, Track test, Field test:Captureability Chapter 13 Blade Materials, Testing Methods and Structural Design Blade manufacture - Loads on wind turbine rotor blades, Blade construction, Materials, Processing methods: Testing of wind turbine blades - Purpose, Certification tests (static and cyclic), Examples of full-scale tests used to determine deformation and failure modes Failure modes of wind turbine blades - Definition of blade failure modes, Identified blade failure modes:Material properties - Elastic properties, Strength and fracture toughness properties: Materials testing methods - Test methods for strength determination, Test methods for determination of fracture mechanics properties, Failure under cyclic loads: Modeling of wind turbine blades - Modeling of structural behavior of wind turbine blades -Modeling of entire wind turbine blade, Beam models, Finite element models, Limitations with shell models - Models of specific failure modes - Criteria for laminate failure, Delamination of composites, Adhesive joints, Sandwich failure, Gelcoat/skin delamination, Channeling cracking in the gelcoat - Examples of sub-components with damage - Failure of adhesive joints, Cyclic crack growth of adhesive joints, Buckling-driven delamination of panels, Modeling of a full main spar to determine the webs influence on ultimate strength, Testing of long sections of a main spar to determine buckling behavior, Full wind turbine blade models with damage: Perspectives and concluding remarks Chapter 14 Implementation of the 'Smart' Rotor Concept Current load control on wind turbines: The 'smart' rotor concept:Adaptive wings and rotor blades - Adaptive aerofoils and smart wings, Smart helicopter rotor blades - Trailing edge flaps, Active twist: Adaptive materials - Piezo electrics, PZT, PVDF, Single crystal piezo electrics, Piezoelectrics as actuators - Shape memory alloys - Material characteristics, SMA behavior modeling, Applications: Structural lay-out of smart rotor blades: Control and dynamics - Load alleviation experiments, Control, Results and discussion, Rotating experiments: Conclusions and discussion - Conclusions on adaptive aerospace structures, Conclusions on adaptive materials, Conclusions for wind turbine blades - Control issues Chapter 15 Optimized Gearbox Design Basic gear tooth design: Geartrains: Bearings: Gear arrangements: Torque limitation Chapter 16 Tower Design and Analysis Analysis of towers - Tower blade coupling, Rotating blades, Forced vibration analysis, Rotationally sampled spectra, Loading on tower-nacelle, Response of tower including blade-tower interaction:Design of tower - Gust factor approach, Displacement GRF, Bending Moment GRF: Vibration control of tower - Response of tower with a TMD, Design of TMD Wind tunnel testing: Offshore towers - Simple model for offshore towers,Wave loading, Joint distribution of wind and waves, Vibration control of offshore towers Chapter 17 Design of Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines History of offshore, wind and offshore wind development of offshore structures - The origin of integrated designA" in offshore wind energy, From theory to practice: Horns Rev, Theory behind practice: Support structure concepts - Basic functions, Foundation types - Monopile, Tripod, Jacket, Gravity based structures, Floaters: Environmental loads - Waves, Currents, Wind, Soil: Support structure design - Design steps, Turbine characteristics, Natural frequency check, Extreme load cases, Foundation design, Buckling & shear check, Fatigue check, Optimizing: Design considerations - Offshore access - Helicopters, Vessels, Motion compensation systems: Ampelmann and OAS - Offshore wind farm aspects, Wind farm layout, Electrical infrastructure, The support structure in the offshore wind farm Chapter 18 Power Curves for Wind Turbines Power performance of wind turbines - Introduction to power performance, Theoretical considerations, Standard power curves, Dynamical or Langevin power curve, Obtaining the Langevin power curve, Summary:Perspectives - Characterizing wind turbines, Monitoring wind turbines, Power modeling and prediction Chapter 19 Wind Turbine Cooling Technologies Operating principle and structure of wind turbines: Heat dissipating components and analysis - Gearbox, Generator, Control system: Current wind turbine cooling systems - Forced air cooling system, Liquid cooling system: Design and optimization of a cooling system - Design of the liquid cooling system - Given conditions, Selection of the cooling medium, Selection and design of the radiator, Flow resistance calculation of the liquid cooling system and pump selection - Optimization of the liquid cooling system, Derivation of the thickness of the heat exchanger core unit, Optimization procedure of the heat exchanger core unit, Interpretation of the optimization computing result: Future prospects on new type cooling system - Vapor-cycle cooling methods, Centralized cooling method, Jet cooling system with solar power assistance, Heat pipe cooling gearbox Chapter 20 Wind Turbine Noise Measurements and Abatement Methods Noise types and patterns - Sources of wind turbine sound, Infrasound, Mechanical generation of sound: Sound level: Factors that affect wind turbine noise propagation: Measurement techniques and challenges:Abatement methods:Noise standards:Present and future Chapter 21 Wind Energy Storage Technologies Definitions of parameters: Energy storage plant components - Storage medium, Power conversion system (PCS), Balance of plant (BOP):Energy storage technologies - Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) - Applications of PHES, Cost of PHES, Disadvantages of PHES, Future of PHES - Underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage (UPHES) - Applications of UPHES, Cost of UPHES, Disadvantages of UPHES, Future of UPHES - Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) - Applications of CAES, Cost of CAES, Disadvantages of CAES, Future of CAES - Battery energy storage (BES) - Lead-acid (LA) battery, Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery, Sodium-sulphur (NaS) battery - Flow-battery energy storage (FBES) - Vanadium redox (VR) flow battery, Polysulphide bromide (PSB) flow battery, Zinc bromine (ZnBr) flow battery - Flywheel energy storage (FES) - Applications of FES, Cost of FES, Disadvantages of FES, Future of FES - Supercapacitor energy storage (SCES) - Applications of SCES,Cost of SCES, Disadvantages of SCES, Future of SCES - Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) - Applications of SMES, Cost of SMES, Disadvantages of SMES, Future of SMES - Hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) - Hydrogen production, Hydrogen storage, Hydrogen usage, Full cell, Disadvantages of HESS, Future of HESS - Thermal energy storage (TES) - Air-conditioning thermal energy storage (ACTES), Thermal energy storage system (TESS) - Electric vehicles (EVs) - Implementation of EV technology, Applications of EV technology, Cost of EV technology, Disadvantages of EV technology, Future of EV technology: Energy storage applications - Load management, Spinning reserve, Transmission and distribution stabilization, Transmission upgrade deferral, Peak generation, Renewable energy integration, End-use applications, Emergency back-up, Demand side management (DSM):Comparison of energy storage technologies, Large power and energy capacities, Medium power and energy capacities, Large power or large storage capacities, Overall comparison of energy storage technologies, Energy storage systems Energy storage in Ireland and Denmark