The book covers all aspects of fermentation technology such as principles, reaction kinetics, scaling up of processes, and applications. The 20 chapters written by subject matter experts are divided into two parts: Principles and Applications. In the first part subjects covered include: Modelling and kinetics of fermentation technology Sterilization techniques used in fermentation processes Design and types of bioreactors used in fermentation technology Recent advances and future prospect of fermentation technology The second part subjects covered include: Lactic acid and ethanol production using fermentation technology Various industrial value-added product biosynthesis using fermentation technology Microbial cyp450 production and its industrial application Polyunsaturated fatty acid production through solid state fermentation Application of oleaginous yeast for lignocellulosic biomass based single cell oil production Utilization of micro-algal biomass for bioethanol production Poly-lactide production from lactic acid through fermentation technology Bacterial cellulose and its potential impact on industrial applications

Table of Contents:
Part I: Principles of Fermentation Technology 1 1 Fermentation Technology: Current Status and Future Prospects 3 Ritika Joshi, Vinay Sharma and Arindam Kuila 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Types of Fermentation Processes 4 1.2.1 Solid-State Fermentation 4 1.2.2 Submerged Fermentation 5 1.2.2.1 Batch Cultivation 5 1.2.2.2 Substrates Used for Fermentation 5 1.3 Enzymes 6 1.3.1 Bacterial Enzymes 6 1.3.2 Fungal Enzymes 6 1.4 Antibiotics 7 1.5 Fed-Batch Cultivation 8 1.6 Application of SSF 9 1.6.1 Enzyme Production 9 1.6.2 Organic Acids 10 1.6.3 Secondary Metabolites 10 1.6.4 Antibiotic 10 1.6.5 Biofuel 10 1.6.6 Biocontrol Agents 11 1.6.7 Vitamin 11 1.7 Future Perspectives 11 References 12 2 Modeling and Kinetics of Fermentation Technology 15 Biva Ghosh, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Modeling 17 2.2.1 Importance of Modeling 18 2.2.2 Components of Modeling 20 2.2.2.1 Control Volume 20 2.2.2.2 Variables 22 2.2.2.3 Parameters 22 2.2.2.4 Mathematical Model 22 2.2.2.5 Automatization 23 2.3 Kinetics of Modeling 26 2.3.1 Thermodynamic 27 2.3.2 Phenomenological 27 2.3.3 Kinetic 27 2.3.3.1 Volumetric Rate and Specific Rate 28 2.3.3.2 Rate Expression for Microbial Culture 31 2.4 Conclusion 41 References 41 3 Sterilization Techniques used in Fermentation Processes 45 Shivani Sharma, Arindam Kuila and Vinay Sharma 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Rate of Microbial Death 46 3.3 How do Sterilants Work? 47 3.4 Types of Sterilization 47 3.4.1 Heat 48 3.4.2 Pressure 48 3.4.3 Radiation 48 3.4.4 Filtration 49 3.4.5 Steam Sterilization 49 3.5 Sterilization of the Culture Media 49 3.5.1 Batch Sterilization 49 3.5.2 Continuous Sterilization 50 3.6 Sterilization of the Additives 50 3.7 Sterilization of the Fermenter Vessel 51 3.8 Filter Sterilization 51 3.8.1 Diffusion 51 3.8.2 Inertial Impaction 51 3.8.3 Electrostatic Attraction 51 3.8.4 Interception 52 3.9 Sterilization of Air 52 References 52 4 Advances in Fermentation Technology: Principle and Their Relevant Applications 53 Monika Choudhary, Sunanda Joshi, Sameer Suresh Bhagyawant and Nidhi Srivastava 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Basic Principle of Fermentation 54 4.3 Biochemical Process 56 4.4 Fermentation Methodology 58 4.5 Biochemical Mechanism 59 4.6 Fermentation and its Industrial Applications 60 4.7 Relevance of Fermentation 61 4.8 Conclusion 62 References 63 5 Fermentation Technology Prospecting on Bioreactors/Fermenters: Design and Types 65 Gauri Singhal, Vartika Verma, Sameer Suresh Bhagyawant and Nidhi Srivastava 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Bioreactor and Fermenter 67 5.3 Types of Fermenter and Bioreactor 68 5.3.1 Laboratory Scale Fermenters 68 5.3.2 Pilot Scale Fermenters 69 5.3.3 Industrial Scale Fermenter 69 5.4 Design and Operation 69 5.4.1 Fermenter Vessel 72 5.4.2 Heating and Cooling Apparatus 72 5.4.3 Sealing Assembly 73 5.4.4 Baffles 73 5.4.5 Impeller 73 5.4.6 Sparger 74 5.4.7 Feed Ports 74 5.4.8 Foam Control 74 5.4.9 Valves 74 5.4.10 Safety Valves 75 5.5 Classification of Bioreactor 75 5.6 Types of Fermenter/Bioreactor 75 5.6.1 Stirred Tank Fermentor 75 5.6.2 Airlift Fermentor 76 5.6.3 Bubble Column Fermentor 78 5.6.4 Packed Bed Reactors 78 5.6.5 Fluidized Bed Bioreactor 80 5.6.6 Photobioreactor 80 5.6.7 Membrane Bioreactor 81 5.7 Conclusion 82 References 82 Part II: Applications of Fermentation Technology 85 6 Lactic Acid and Ethanol: Promising Bio-Based Chemicals from Fermentation 87 Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Maria Regina Wolf Maciel and Rubens Maciel Filho 6.1 Introduction 88 6.2 Generalities about LA and Ethanol 89 6.3 Fermentation Methods to LA and Ethanol Production 93 6.4 Potential Raw Materials for Biotechnology Production 95 6.4.1 Potential Raw Materials for LA Production 95 6.4.2 Potential Raw Materials for Bioethanol Production 97 6.5 Challenges in LA and Ethanol Production 103 6.6 Integrated Ethanol and LA Production 105 6.7 Concluding Remarks 108 References 108 7 Application of Fermentation Strategies for Improved Laccase Production 117 Priyanka Ghosh, Arpan Das and Uma Ghosh 7.1 Introduction 117 7.1.1 What is Laccase? 119 7.2 Major Factors Influencing Fermentation Processes for Laccase Production 120 7.2.1 Influence of Carbon Source 120 7.2.2 Influence of Nitrogen Source 122 7.2.3 Influence of Temperature 123 7.2.4 Influence of pH 124 7.2.5 Influence of Inducer 124 7.3 Type of Cultivation 126 7.3.1 Submerged Fermentation 126 7.3.2 Solid-State Fermentation 126 7.4 Biotechnological Application of Laccases 129 7.4.1 Food Industry 129 7.4.2 Textile Industries 131 7.4.3 Paper Industry 131 7.4.4 Bioremediation 131 7.4.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 132 7.5 Conclusion 132 References 133 8 Use of Fermentation Technology for Value Added Industrial Research 141 Biva Ghosh, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 8.1 Introduction 142 8.2 Fermentation 143 8.3 Biofuel Production 144 8.3.1 Biohydrogen 144 8.3.2 Biodiesel 145 8.3.3 Bioethanol 146 8.4 1,3-Propanediol 146 8.5 Lactic Acid 147 8.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 149 8.7 Exopolysaccharides 150 8.8 Succinic Acid 151 8.9 Flavoring and Fragrance Substances 152 8.10 Hormones and Enzymes 153 8.11 Conclusion 156 References 157 9 Valorization of Lignin: Emerging Technologies and Limitations in Biorefineries 163 Gourav Dhiman, Nadeem Akhtar and Gunjan Mukherjee 9.1 Introduction 164 9.2 Lignocellulosic Material: Focus on Second Generation Biofuel 165 9.3 Composition and Biosynthesis of Lignin 166 9.3.1 Structure Analysis of Lignin 167 9.3.2 Degradative Analytical Techniques (Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis, and Acidolysis) 167 9.3.3 Non-Degradative Analytical Techniques (Thioglycolic Acid–TGA and Acetyl Bromide–ACBR) 168 9.4 Bioengineering of Lignin 168 9.4.1 Reducing the Recalcitrance Nature of Biomass 168 9.4.2 Improving Lignin Content for Production of High Energy Feedstock 169 9.5 Lignin Separation and Recovery 170 9.5.1 Chemical- and Physical-Based Lignin Separations 171 9.5.2 Biological Degradation of Lignin 172 9.6 Lignin-Based Materials and Polymers 172 9.7 Lignin-Based Fuels and Chemicals 173 9.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 174 References 175 10 Exploring the Fermentation Technology for Biocatalysts Production 181 Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 Biotechnology Fermentation 182 10.2.1 Submerged Fermentation 182 10.2.2 Solid State Fermentation 183 10.3 Production of Enzymes 183 References 185 11 Microbial CYP450: An Insight into its Molecular/Catalytic Mechanism, Production and Industrial Application 189 Abhilek Kumar Nautiyal, Arijit Jana, Sourya Bhattacharya, Tripti Sharma, Neha Bansal, Sree Sai Ogetiammini, Debashish Ghosh, Saugata Hazra and Diptarka Dasgupta 11.1 Introduction 190 11.2 Microbial Cytochrome P450 191 11.3 Extent of P450s in Microbial Genome 193 11.4 Structure, Function and Catalytic Cycle 194 11.5 Strain Engineering for Improved Activity 197 11.6 Producion Strategies of CYP450 203 11.6.1 Bioreactor Consideration 203 11.6.2 Protein Recovery 204 11.7 Applications 205 11.7.1 Environmental Application 206 11.7.2 Medical Application 206 11.8 Conclusion 208 References 208 12 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Solid State Fermentation 217 Bruno Carlesso Aita, Stéfani Segato Spannemberg, Raquel Cristine Kuhn and Marcio Antonio Mazutti 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 PUFAs Production by SSF 219 12.3 Microorganisms Used for PUFAs Production by SSF 221 12.4 Main Process Parameters 222 12.4.1 Moisture Content of the Substrate 223 12.4.2 Temperature 228 12.4.3 Substrate 228 12.4.4 Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio 229 12.4.5 pH 230 12.4.6 Incubation Time 230 12.5 Bioreactors 231 12.6 Extraction of Microbial Oil 232 12.7 Concluding Remarks 232 References 233 13 Solid State Fermentation – A Stimulating Process for Valorization of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuel 239 Arpan Das and Priyanka Ghosh 13.1 Introduction 240 13.2 Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production 242 13.3 Structure of Lignocellulose 243 13.3.1 Cellulose 243 13.3.2 Hemicellulose 245 13.3.3 Lignin 245 13.4 Biomass Recalcitrance 245 13.5 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 246 13.5.1 Chemical Pre-Treatment 247 13.5.2 Physical Pre-Treatment 248 13.5.3 Biological Pre-Treatment 248 13.5.4 Inhibitors Released During Pre-Treatment 248 13.6 Hydrolysis 249 13.7 Limitations of Enzymatic Hydrolysis 250 13.8 Fermentation 252 13.8.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 252 13.8.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 252 13.8.3 Consolidated Bioprocessing 255 13.9 Concluding Remarks 257 References 257 14 Oleaginous Yeasts: Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived Single Cell Oil as Biofuel Feedstock 263 Neha Bansal, Mahesh B Khot, Arijit Jana, Abhilek K Nautiyal, Tripti Sharma, Diptarka Dasgupta, Swati Mohapatra, Sanoj Kumar Yadav, Saugata Hazra and Debashish Ghosh 14.1 Introduction 264 14.2 Oleaginous Yeasts: A Brief Account 265 14.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass and its Deconstruction 267 14.4 Biochemistry of Lipid Biosynthesis 276 14.5 Genetic Modification for Enhancing Lipid Yield 278 14.5.1 Over-Expression of Key Metabolic Genes 278 14.5.2 Blocking Competing Pathways 281 14.5.3 Challenges in Genetic Engineering of Yeast 282 14.6 Fermentative Cultivation, Recovery of Yeast Lipids as SCO and Production of Biofuel 282 14.7 Characterization of Yeast SCO: Implications towards Biodiesel Properties 288 14.8 Concluding Remarks 289 References 294 15 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulose for the Production of Biofuels 307 Biva Ghosh, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 15.1 Introduction 307 15.2 Lignocellulose 309 15.3 Parameters Effecting the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose 310 15.3.1 Crystallinity of Cellulose 310 15.3.2 Cellulose Degree of Polymerization 311 15.3.3 Effect of Accessible Surface Area 311 15.3.4 Encapsulation by Lignin 311 15.3.5 Hemicellulose Content 312 15.3.6 Porosity 312 15.4 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulose 312 15.4.1 Physical Pre-Treatment 313 15.4.1.1 Milling 313 15.4.1.2 Microwave 314 15.4.1.3 Ultrasound 315 15.4.1.4 Irradiation 315 15.4.1.5 Mechanical Extrusion 315 15.4.1.6 Pyrolysis 316 15.4.1.7 Pulse Electric Field (PEF) 317 15.4.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment 317 15.4.2.1 Alkaline Pre-Treatment 317 15.4.2.2 Dilute-Acid Pre-Treatment 318 15.4.2.3 Ionic Liquids 320 15.4.2.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents 320 15.4.2.5 Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents 321 15.4.2.6 Ozonolysis 321 15.4.2.7 Organosolv 322 15.4.3 Physicochemical Pre-Treatment 323 15.4.3.1 Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) 323 15.4.3.2 Ammonia Recycled Percolation (ARP) and Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia 323 15.4.3.3 Hot Water Pre-Treatment 324 15.4.3.4 Steam Explosion 325 15.4.3.5 SO2-Catalyzed Steam Explosion 326 15.4.3.6 Oxidation 326 15.4.3.7 Wet Oxidation 327 15.4.3.8 SPORL Treatment 327 15.4.3.9 Supercritical Fluid 327 15.4.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 328 15.4.4.1 White-Rot Fungi 328 15.4.4.2 Brown-Rot Fungi 329 15.4.4.3 Soft-Rot Fungi 329 15.4.4.4 Bacteria and Actinomycetes 329 15.4.5 Other Pre-Treatment Process 329 15.4.5.1 Hydrotrope Pre-Treatment 329 15.4.5.2 Photocatalytic Pre-Treatment 330 15.5 Case Studies of Biofuels 331 15.5.1 Ethanol Production 331 15.5.2 Butanol 333 15.5.3 Biohydrogen 334 15.5.4 Biogas 336 15.6 Conclusion 338 Reference 339 16 Microalgal Biomass as an Alternative Source of Sugars for the Production of Bioethanol 351 Maria Eugenia Sanz Smachetti, Lara Sanchez Rizza, Camila Denise Coronel, Mauro Do Nascimento and Leonardo Curatti 16.1 Overview 352 16.2 Aquatic Species as Alternative Feedstocks for Low-Cost-Sugars 353 16.2.1 Seaweed 353 16.2.1.1 Seaweed Biomass 353 16.2.1.2 Seaweed Cultivation 354 16.2.1.3 Seaweed as a Biofuels Feedstock 355 16.2.2 Microalgae 357 16.2.2.1 Microalgae Biomass as a Biofuel Feedstock 358 16.2.2.2 Microalgal Biomass Production Technology 362 16.2.2.3 Microalgae Productivity 364 16.2.2.4 Harvesting and Drying Algal Biomass 365 16.2.2.5 Microalgal Biomass Conversion into Biofuels 367 16.3 Environmental Sustainability of Microlgal-Based Biofuels 375 16.4 Prospects for Commercialization of Microalgal-Based Bioethanol 376 16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 377 References 378 17 A Sustainable Process for Nutrient Enriched Fruit Juice Processing: An Enzymatic Venture 387 Debajyoti Kundu, Jagriti Singh, Mohan Das, Akanksha Rastogi and Rintu Banerjee 17.1 Introduction 388 17.2 Conventional Methods for Juice Processing and Their Drawbacks 389 17.3 Enzyme Technology in Different Step of Juice Processing 390 17.3.1 Peeling and Extraction 391 17.3.2 Clarification 393 17.3.3 Debittering 395 17.4 Conclusion 396 References 396 18 Biotechnological Exploitation of Poly-Lactide Produced from Cost Effective Lactic Acid 401 Mohan Das, Debajyoti Kundu, Akanksha Rastogi, Jagriti Singh and Rintu Banerjee 18.1 Introduction 402 18.2 Need for Ideal Substrates for Lactic Acid Production 403 18.3 Role of Microbes and Biochemical Pathways in Lactic Acid Production 405 18.4 Purification of Lactic Acid 406 18.5 Methods of Synthesis of PLA 408 18.5.1 Direct Poly Condensation 408 18.5.2 Ring Opening Poly Condensation 409 18.6 Applications of PLA 411 18.7 Conclusion 413 References 413 19 A New Perspective on Fermented Protein Rich Food and its Health Benefits 417 Jagriti Singh, Akanksha Rastogi, Debajyoti Kundu, Mohan Das and Rintu Banerjee 19.1 Introduction 418 19.2 Sources of Fermented Protein 420 19.3 Protein in Biological System 420 19.4 Bioabsorbability of Protein 423 19.4.1 Absorption of Peptides and Amino Acids 423 19.5 Fermented Protein-Rich Food Products 424 19.5.1 Soyabean (Gycine max) 424 19.5.2 DDGS (Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles) 426 19.5.3 Tempe 426 19.5.4 Red Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) 427 19.5.5 Fermented Peanuts (Arachis Hypogae) 428 19.5.6 Sufu 428 19.5.7 Kefir 429 19.5.8 Fermented Whey Beverage 430 19.5.9 Salami 431 19.6 Conclusion 431 References 432 20 An Understanding of Bacterial Cellulose and its Potential Impact on Industrial Applications 437 Akanksha Rastogi, Jagriti Singh, Mohan Das, Debajyoti Kundu and Rintu Banerjee 20.1 Introduction 438 20.2 Cultivation Conditions for Production of Bacterial Cellulose 439 20.2.1 Fermentation Process 439 20.2.2 Composition of Culture Media 440 20.2.2.1 Carbon Source 440 20.2.2.2 pH for Bacterial Cellulose Production 440 20.2.2.3 Temperature for BC Production 441 20.2.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen on BC Production 441 20.3 Bioreactor System for Bacterial Cellulose 441 20.3.1 Stirred Tank Reactor 442 20.3.2 Trickling Bed Reactor 442 20.3.3 Airlift Bioreactors 442 20.3.4 Aerosol Bioreactor 443 20.3.5 Rotary Bioreactor 443 20.3.6 Horizontal Lift Reactor 444 20.3.7 Other Type of Bioreactor 444 20.4 Plant Cellulose vs. Bacterial Cellulose 444 20.4.1 Morphology 446 20.4.2 Crystallinity 447 20.4.3 Degree of Polymerization 447 20.4.4 Thermal Properties 447 20.4.5 Mechanical Properties 447 20.4.6 Water Absorption Properties 448 20.4.7 Optical Properties 448 20.5 Compositional View of Bacterial Cellulose 448 20.6 Molecular Biology of Bacterial Cellulose 449 20.7 Importance of Genetically Modified Bacteria in Bacterial Cellulose Production 450 20.8 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Different Industrial Sector 451 20.8.1 Skin and Wound Healing 451 20.8.2 Bacterial Cellulose Composites 452 20.8.3 Artificial Blood Vessels 452 20.8.4 In Paper Industry 452 20.8.5 In Food Industry 453 20.8.6 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Other Fields 453 20.9 Conclusion 454 References 454 Index 459