i.l Overview for Instructors The purpose of this text is to provide an introduction to the problem-solving capabilities of Fortran 90. The intended audience is undergraduate science and engineering students who have not previously taken a formal programming course. The focus is on the process of solving computational problems of interest to scientists and engineers, rather than on programming per se, which has several important implications for the contents of the text, as outlined later in the Preface. Fortran has long been favored as an introductory programming language for engineering and science students because of its historical roots and continued prominence in the professional practice of these disciplines. The Fortran 77 standard has been taught, within an essentially mainframe context, to an entire generation of scientists and engineers. However, many of the science and engineering calculations that, a generation ago, could be done only on mainframe computers can now be done on desktop computers, often using applications that don't require any programming at all.

Table of Contents:
1. Computing Environments for Problem Solving.- 1.1 A Brief History of Electronic Computing.- 1.2 The Academic Computing Environment.- 1.3 What Do You Need to Know About Your Computing Environment?.- 1.4 Fortran and the Personal Computing Environment.- 1.5 Is Programming Necessary Anymore?.- 1.6 Exercises.- 2. Solving Problems with a High-Level Programming Language.- 2.1 Structured Programming and Problem Solving.- 2.2 Designing Algorithms for Procedural Programming Languages.- 2.3 Program Modularization.- 2.4 Applications.- 2.5 Debugging Your Algorithms.- 2.6 Exercises.- 3. Getting Started with Fortran: Writing Simple Programs.- 3.1 A Simple Problem and a Fortran Program to Solve It.- 3.2 Program Layout.- 3.3 Declaring Variables and Defining Constants.- 3.4 List-Directed Input and Output.- 3.5 Arithmetic Operators, Assignment Statements, and Calculations.- 3.6 Program Termination.- 3.7 Compiling and Executing a Program.- 3.8 Applications.- 3.9 Debugging Your Programs.- 3.10 Exercises.- 4. Using Functions to Expand the Power of Fortran.- 4.1 Fortran Intrinsic Functions.- 4.2 Fortran Statement Functions.- 4.3 Applications.- 4.4 Debugging Your Programs.- 4.5 Exercises.- 5. Gaining Control Over Program Output.- 5.1 The Formatted PRINT Statement.- 5.2 The WRITE Statement.- 5.3 Saving Program Output.- 5.4 Applications.- 5.5 Debugging Your Programs.- 5.6 Exercises.- 6. Program Control: Branching and Repetitive Calculations.- 6.1 Using Program Control Structures.- 6.2 Relational and Logical Operators and the Fortran IF… Construct.- 6.3 The SELECT CASE Construct.- 6.4 Fortran Loop Constructs.- 6.5 Using Implied DO… Loops in Output Statements.- 6.6 Applications.- 6.7 Debugging Your Programs.- 6.8 Exercises.- 7. Program Modularization.- 7.1 Designing Modularized Algorithmswith the CALL and SUBPROGRAM Pseudocode Commands.- 7.2 Fortran Subroutines.- 7.3 Fortran Functions.- 7.4 Using Subroutines and Functions.- 7.5 Applications.- 7.6 Debugging Your Programs.- 7.7 Exercises.- 8. Using Arrays to Organize Information.- 8.1 Arrays in Structured Programming.- 8.2 Basic Array Implementation.- 8.3 Using Statically Allocated Arrays in Subprograms.- 8.4 Allocatable Arrays.- 8.5 Treating Strings of Characters as Arrays of Characters.- 8.6 The TYPE Statement, Records, and Arrays of Records.- 8.7 Applications.- 8.8 Debugging Your Programs.- 8.9 Exercises.- 9. Using Formatted Sequential Access and Internal Files.- 9.1 The Text File Concept.- 9.2 OPEN, READ, and CLOSE Statements for Sequential File Access.- 9.3 Files and Arrays.- 9.4 More About Formatted READ Statements.- 9.5 Writing Text Files.- 9.6 Applications.- 9.7 Debugging Your Programs.- 9.8 Exercises.- 10. Some Essential Programming Algorithms.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Searching Algorithms.- 10.3 Sorting Algorithms.- 10.4 Recursive Algorithms.- 10.5 The Recursive Quicksort Algorithm.- 10.6 Applications.- 10.7 Debugging Your Programs.- 10.8 Exercises.- 11. Basic Statistics and Numerical Analysis with Fortran.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Basic Descriptive Statistics.- 11.3 Numerical Differentiation.- 11.4 Numerical Integration.- 11.5 Solving Systems of Linear Equations.- 11.6 Finding the Roots of Equations.- 11.7 Numerical Solutions to Differential Equations.- 11.8 Exercises.- 12. A Closer Look.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Using More Than One Program Unit.- 12.3 The Internal Representation of Numbers and Extended Precision.- 12.4 Array Operations and Array Inquiry and Reduction.- 12.5 Direct Access and Unformatted (Binary) Files.- 12.6 The COMPLEX Data Type.- 12.7 Data Sharing With COMMON Blocks.- Appendices.- Appendix 1. Table of ASCII Characters for IBM-Compatible PCs.- Appendix 2. Summary of Pseudocode Commands and Fortran Statement Syntax.- Appendix 2.1 Pseudocode Commands.- Appendix 2.2 Fortran Statement Syntax.- Appendix 3. Source Code File Name Summary.- Appendix 4. Accessing the System Time and Date.