COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE PRESENTING ALL ASPECTS OF QUANTUM DOT-BASED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES IN FOUR PARTS, SUPPORTED WITH PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology presents all aspects of quantum dot (QD) based display technologies, divided into four general topic areas: the basic science of quantum dots, QD photoluminescent technologies, QD electroluminescent technologies, and other display related QD technologies. Composed of 14 chapters, this book includes a list of pedagogical features such as tables, illustrations, process flow charts, and more to provide active learning for the reader. This book also includes information on future quantum dot displays and the major milestones in the field. Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology discusses topics including: The basic physics and photophysics of QD, explaining why QD can offer better color and higher brightness QD material systems and compositional families as well as principles and practices of QD synthesis Quantum dot enhancement film and quantum dot color conversion for LCDs, OLEDs, and µLEDs Quantum dot electroluminescent displays and QD-LED panel processes based on ink-jet printing and lithography QD for lighting and photodetector applications Future outlook for QD displays Published in partnership with the Society for Information Display (SID), Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology is the perfect resource for updated information on quantum dots and their applications for professionals working in displays, consumer electronics, and product design and development.

Table of Contents:
Series Editor's Foreword xv About the Editors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Physics and Photophysics of Quantum Dots for Display Applications 1 Einav Scharf, Uri Banin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Quantum Confinement and Band Structure 1 1.3 Absorption Spectrum 4 1.4 Charge Carrier Dynamics 6 1.5 Surface Passivation and Heterostructure Band Alignment 8 1.6 Emission Intermittency (Blinking) and Stability 9 1.7 Emission Linewidth 12 1.8 Dimensionality Effects 15 1.9 Collective Emission 16 1.10 Summary and Outlook 18 References 18 2 Quantum Dot Material Systems, Compositional Families 23 Sudarsan Tamang, Karl David Wegner, Peter Reiss 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 II–VI Semiconductor QDs 25 2.2.1 Cadmium Chalcogenide QDs 25 2.2.2 Zn Chalcogenide QDs 27 2.3 III–V Semiconductor QDs: Overview and Properties 35 2.3.1 Introduction 35 2.3.2 Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots 37 2.3.3 Indium Arsenide Quantum Dots 47 2.4 More Recent Families of QDs 50 2.4.1 I–III–VI Chalcopyrite-type QDs 50 2.4.2 Metal Halide Perovskite NCs 54 2.5 Summary and Outlook 60 References 62 3 Principles and Practices for Quantum Dots Synthesis 81 Derrick Allan Taylor, Justice Agbeshie Teku, Jong-Soo Lee 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Principles of Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis 84 3.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Quantum Dot Synthesis 84 3.2.2 Innovatory Experimental Techniques for Monitoring Evolving Nanocrystals 93 3.2.3 Colloidal Quantum Dots (II–VI and III–V) 94 3.3 Practices of Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis 95 3.3.1 Practices 98 3.3.2 Post-synthetic Methods 104 3.4 Summary and Outlook 112 References 114 4 Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 131 Zhong Sheng Luo, Jeff Yurek 4.1 Introduction 131 4.2 Understanding Color for Displays 132 4.2.1 Measuring Display Color Performance: Chromaticity Gamut 134 4.2.2 NTSC 1953 in Practice 135 4.2.3 LCDs and Display Color in the 1990s and 2000s 136 4.3 Color in the Modern Era – Defining the Ultimate Visual Experience 138 4.3.1 Color Volume 139 4.3.2 High Dynamic Range 141 4.3.3 Clarity 142 4.4 Quantum Dots for QDEF Applications 143 4.4.1 Quantum Dot Wavelength Tunability 144 4.4.2 Narrower Spectrum for Better Color 145 4.5 Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 146 4.5.1 Origins of the QDEF Concept 146 4.5.2 Design Requirements 149 4.5.3 Resin System 150 4.5.4 Barrier Film 150 4.5.5 QD Coating 152 4.5.6 QDEF Fabrication Process 152 4.5.7 QDEF in a Display 154 4.5.8 Heavy Metals and Environmental Regulation 155 4.6 Barrierless Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 156 4.6.1 QD Requirements for Barrierless QDEF 157 4.6.2 Construction and Manufacturing 158 4.6.3 Application 158 4.7 Quantum Dot Diffuser Plate 159 4.7.1 Quantum Dot Requirement 159 4.7.2 Construction and Manufacturing 160 4.7.3 Application 161 4.8 Summary and Outlook 161 References 162 5 Quantum Dot Color Conversion for Liquid Crystal Display 167 Zhifu li, Ji li, Yanan Wang, Hanming li 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Thin-film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display 168 5.2.1 Color Perception of Human Eyes 168 5.2.2 Basic Structure and Principle of Liquid Crystal Display 169 5.2.3 Advantages of Quantum Dot Liquid Crystal Display 172 5.3 Quantum Dot Color Conversion for Liquid Crystal Display 173 5.3.1 Quantum Dot Backlight 173 5.3.2 Quantum Dot Color Filter 178 5.4 Summary and Prospects 191 References 193 6 Quantum Dot (QD) Color Conversion for QD-Organic Light-Emitting Diode 197 Keunchan Oh, Hyeokjin Lee, Gakseok Lee, Taehyung Hwang 6.1 Introduction to Quantum Dot-Organic Light-emitting Diode 197 6.2 Color Conversion Materials 199 6.2.1 Quantum Dots in QD-OLED 200 6.2.2 Optical Scattering Particle 204 6.2.3 Surface Ligand Modification 207 6.2.4 Photo Enhancement and Degradation 210 6.3 Color Conversion Architecture 212 6.3.1 Bank 212 6.3.2 Color Filter 214 6.3.3 Optical Recycling Layer 215 6.3.4 Reflection 217 6.4 Inkjet Printing of CCM 218 6.4.1 Inkjet Equipment and Inspection 219 6.4.2 Rheological Properties of Colloidal QD Ink 220 6.4.3 Large Area Uniformity 224 6.5 Conclusion and Future Work 225 References 226 7 Quantum Dots for Augmented Reality 231 Jason Hartlove 7.1 Why Quantum Dots for Augmented Reality? 231 7.2 Augmented Reality Glasses: The Need for High-efficiency Small Emitters 232 7.2.1 ARG Requirements 232 7.2.2 Display Engine Approaches 235 7.3 QD Color Conversion Performance and Reliability Requirements 247 7.3.1 Quantum Dot PLQY 247 7.3.2 Quantum Dot Absorption 248 7.3.3 Flux Stability 249 7.4 Summary and Outlook 250 References 251 8 CdSe-based Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diodes 253 Yiran Yan, Longjia Wu, Weiran Cao, Xiaolin Yan 8.1 Overview of Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diode Development 253 8.2 Functional Layers 255 8.2.1 QD-emitting Layer 255 8.2.2 Hole Transport Layer 260 8.2.3 Electron Transport Layer 262 8.3 Aging Mechanism 264 8.3.1 Degradation Mechanism 264 8.3.2 Positive Aging Mechanism 272 8.4 Summary and Outlook 277 References 277 9 Quantum Dot Light-emitting Device Materials, Device Physics, and Fabrication: Cadmium-free 283 Igor Coropceanu, Heeyoung Jung, Christian Ippen 9.1 Introduction 283 9.1.1 Benefits of Quantum Dot Light-emitting Devices 283 9.1.2 Why Cd-free QD-LED? 284 9.2 Survey of Materials 285 9.2.1 General Considerations 285 9.2.2 Indium Phosphide 286 9.2.3 Zinc Telluride Selenide 290 9.2.4 I-iii-vi 293 9.3 Surface Chemistry 293 9.3.1 General Introduction to NC – Organic Interface 293 9.3.2 Inorganic Termination 293 9.3.3 Anchoring Group 294 9.3.4 Ligand Body 294 9.3.5 Organic Ligand Exchange for Improved Charge Transport 295 9.3.6 Inorganic and Mixed Organic/Inorganic Surface Treatments 296 9.4 Device Physics and Fabrication 298 9.4.1 Device Architectures 298 9.4.2 Evaluation Metrics 300 9.4.3 HTL Optimizations 301 9.4.4 ETL Optimizations 302 9.4.5 Positive Aging 302 9.4.6 Degradation Mechanisms 303 9.5 Patterning for Display Fabrication 305 9.5.1 General Considerations 305 9.5.2 Optical Methods 306 9.5.3 Inkjet Printing 308 9.6 Summary and Outlook 309 9.6.1 Performance Development of Cd-free vs. Cd-based QD-LEDs 309 9.6.2 What is Still Missing for Cd-free QD-LEDs? 311 References 311 10 Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diode Panel Process: Inkjet Printing 323 Dong Jin Kang, Changhee Lee 10.1 Inkjet Printing Technology for QD Patterning in Full-color Displays 323 10.2 Ink Formulation for Inkjet-Printed QD-LED Displays 325 10.2.1 Quantum Dot Inks 325 10.2.2 Organic Charge-transport Material Ink 328 10.2.3 Inorganic Charge-transport Material Inks 331 10.3 Inkjet Printing Processes and Device Performance of QD-LED Display Panels 331 10.3.1 Device Structure and Operation Mechanism of QD-LEDs 331 10.3.2 Device Characteristics of QD-LEDs 333 10.3.3 Inkjet Printing Processes for Fabricating QD-LED Display Panels 335 10.3.4 Drying and Thermal Baking Processes for QD-LED Panels 339 10.3.5 Device Performance of Inkjet-printed QD-LED Display Panels 342 10.4 Current Challenges in Inkjet Printing for QD-LED Display and Future Outlook 347 10.5 Summary and Outlook 348 References 349 11 Photolithographic Patterning Techniques for Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diodes 355 Yanzhao Li, Shaoyong Lu, Zhuo Chen, Zhuo Li, Xiangbing Fan, Peng Bai, Haoyu Yang, Dong li 11.1 Introduction 355 11.2 Photolithography Technology 357 11.2.1 Basics of Photolithography 357 11.2.2 Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 359 11.3 Indirect Photoresist-assisted Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 360 11.3.1 Protective Photoresists 360 11.3.2 Sacrificial Photoresists 363 11.4 Direct Photoresist-free Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 366 11.4.1 Patterning Using Native Ligands 367 11.4.2 Patterning Through Ligand Exchange 374 11.4.3 Photolithographic Patterning for Maintaining Photophysical Properties of Quantum Dots 377 11.5 Industrial Progress 381 11.6 Summary and Outlook 382 References 383 12 Quantum Dots in Light-emitting Diodes for General Lighting 387 Benjamin Mangum, Juanita Kurtin 12.1 Benefits of Quantum Dots for Illumination 387 12.2 Illumination Landscape: The Need for Narrow Emitters 387 12.2.1 Background: Blackbody Emitters vs. LEDs 387 12.2.2 Making White LEDs: Spectral Engineering 390 12.2.3 Background: Color Metrics 392 12.2.4 The Ideal Spectrum and Theoretical Maximums 395 12.3 SSL Devices and Solution Development 399 12.3.1 Power Classes 399 12.3.2 Quantum Dots for Illumination 400 12.3.3 Form Factor 401 12.3.4 Pairing QDs with Other Phosphors 403 12.4 QD Performance and Reliability Requirements 405 12.4.1 QD Performance Requirements: PLQY 406 12.4.2 QD Performance Requirements: FWHM 406 12.4.3 QD Performance Requirements: Flux Droop 407 12.4.4 Performance Requirements: Thermal Droop 408 12.4.5 Reliability Testing: LM80 testing 408 12.4.6 Reliability Testing: Color Point Shift 409 12.4.7 Reliability Testing: Lumen Maintenance 410 12.5 Summary and Outlook 411 References 412 13 Quantum Dot Photodetector Technology 415 Pawel Malinowski, Itai Lieberman, Jonathan S. Steckel, Andras Pattantyus-Abraham 13.1 Introduction to Sensing with Quantum Dots 415 13.1.1 Photoconductive Devices 416 13.1.2 Photodiodes 416 13.1.3 Phototransistors 417 13.1.4 Other Light Sensing Techniques 418 13.2 Figures of Merit for QD Sensors 418 13.2.1 QD Films and Stacks 418 13.2.2 Photodetector Performance Metrics 419 13.2.3 Image Sensors Performance Metrics 423 13.2.4 Reliability 425 13.3 QD Photodetector Materials and Devices 426 13.3.1 QD Core and Photodetectors 426 13.3.2 QDPD Comparison 431 13.3.3 Evolution of QD Image Sensors 431 13.4 Conclusion and Outlook 434 13.4.1 Use Cases and Applications 434 13.4.2 Outlook 438 References 439 14 Future of Quantum Dots in Displays and Beyond 445 Peter Palomaki 14.1 Introduction 445 14.2 Implementation of QDs Past, Present, and Future 446 14.2.1 Past Technologies 446 14.2.2 Present Technologies 447 14.2.3 Future Technologies 447 14.3 QD Materials 452 14.3.1 CdSe and InP 452 14.3.2 Perovskite 453 14.3.3 I-III-VI QDs 455 14.3.4 Nitrides 456 14.3.5 Material Usage 456 14.3.6 Anisotropic QD Systems 458 14.3.7 Stability 460 14.4 Optical Properties 462 14.4.1 Linewidth 462 14.4.2 Light Absorption 465 14.4.3 Spectral Engineering and Re-absorption 465 14.4.4 QDs and Phosphors 466 14.4.5 Four or More Primaries 467 14.5 Regulatory 468 14.6 Non-display Applications 470 14.6.1 Solar Spectrum Engineering 470 14.6.2 QD Solar Cells 471 14.7 Summary 472 References 473 Index 477