Residual stresses are a common phenomenon in composite materials. They can either add to or significantly reduce material strength. Because of the increasing demand for high-strength, light-weight materials such as composites and their wide range of applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, in civil infrastructure and in sporting applications, it is critical that the residual stresses of composite materials are understood and measured correctly.The first part of this important book reviews destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for measuring residual stresses. Various mathematical (analytical and numerical) methods for calculation of residual stresses in composite materials are also presented. Chapters in the first section of the book discuss the simulated hole drilling method, the slitting/crack compliance method, measuring residual stresses in homogeneous and composite glass materials using photoelastic techniques, and modeling residual stresses in composite materials. The second part of the book discusses residual stresses in polymer matrix, metal-matrix and a range of other types of composites. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticles to the matrix of polymeric composites as a new technique for reduction of residual stresses is discussed.Residual stresses in composite materials provides a comprehensive overview of this important topic, and is an invaluable reference text for both academics and professionals working in the mechanical engineering, civil engineering, aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries.

Table of Contents:
Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Introduction Part I: Measurement and modelling 1. The importance of measuring residual stresses in composite materials Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Categories of residual stresses 1.3 Effects of residual stresses 1.4 The importance of residual stress measurement 1.5 Issues in the measurement of residual stresses 1.6 Techniques for measuring residual stress in composites 2. Destructive techniques in the measurement of residual stresses in composite materials: an overview Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The layer removal method 2.3 The Sachs (boring) method 2.4 Hole-drilling methods 2.5 The ring-core method 2.6 The cutting method 2.7 The contour method 2.8 The ply sectioning method 2.9 The radial cutting method 2.10 Matrix removal methods 2.11 Micro-indentation methods 2.12 The slitting method 2.13 The first ply failure method 2.14 The measurement of curvature method 2.15 Heating methods 2.16 Conclusions 3. Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in the measurement of residual stresses in composite materials: an overview Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The X-ray diffraction method 3.3 The neutron diffraction method 3.4 The Raman spectroscopy method 3.5 The photoelasticity method 3.6 Other optical methods 3.7 The acoustic wave method 3.8 Methods based on interferometry 3.9 The cure referencing method 3.10 Measurement methods using sensors 3.11 The electrical resistance method 3.12 Conclusions 4. Measuring residual stresses in composite materials using the simulated hole-drilling method Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The hole-drilling method in isotropic materials 4.3 The hole-drilling method in orthotropic materials 4.4 The hole-drilling method in laminated composites 4.5 Key issues in using the hole-drilling method 4.6 Conclusions 5. Measuring residual stresses in composite materials using the slitting/crack compliance method Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The development of the slitting method 5.3 Theoretical basis 5.4 The finite element method (FEM) for calculation of compliance functions 5.5 Residual shear stresses: effects on measured strains 5.6 Case study: residual stress measurement in a carbon/epoxy laminate 5.7 Conclusions and future trends 6. Measuring residual stresses in homogeneous and composite glass materials using photoelastic techniques Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Measuring residual stresses in axisymmetric glass articles 6.3 Measuring residual stresses in glass articles of arbitrary shape 6.4 Measuring residual stresses in automotive and building glass 6.5 Conclusions 6.6 Acknowledgement 7. Modeling residual stresses in composite materials Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Selecting an appropriate model 7.3 The elastic behavior models 7.4 The viscoelastic behavior models 7.5 Modified classical lamination theory (CLT) for modeling residual stresses 7.6 Future trends Part II: Residual stresses in different types of composites 8. Understanding residual stresses in polymer matrix composites Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Formation of residual stresses 8.3 Effects of residual stresses 8.4 Methods of measurement: destructive methods 8.5 Methods of measurement: non-destructive methods 8.6 Methods of prediction 8.7 Conclusion 9. Understanding residual stresses in metal matrix composites Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Factors affecting the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in composites 9.3 The effects of residual stress on the failure of metal matrix composites (MMCs) 9.4 The effects of residual stress on the elevated temperature behaviour of MMCs 9.5 Future trends 10. Understanding residual stresses and fracture toughness in ceramic nanocomposites Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Overview of ceramic nanocomposites 10.3 Residual stress inside ceramic nanocomposites 10.4 Toughening and strengthening mechanisms in ceramic nanocomposites 10.5 Surface residual stress 10.6 Future trends 11. Measuring and modelling residual stresses in polymer-based dental composites Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Experimental and modelling approaches to study residual stresses in dental composites 11.3 Case study: the development of local stresses in four different dental composites 11.4 Further applications of the modelling approach 12. Understanding residual stresses in thick polymer composite laminates Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Modelling the curing process in thick laminated composites 12.3 Understanding the curing process 12.4 Residual stresses in thick laminated composites 12.5 Methods of measurement of residual stresses in laminated composites 12.6 Future trends 12.7 Acknowledgments 13. Reduction of residual stresses in polymer composites using nano-additives Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Application of nano-additives to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of polymer composites 13.3 Case study: reduction of residual stresses in carbon/epoxy laminates using carbon nanofibres (CNFs) 13.4 Conclusions and future trends Index