Scenario-Based e-Learning
Scenario-Based e-Learning offers a new instructional design approach that can accelerate expertise, build critical thinking skills, and promote transfer of learning. This book focuses on the what, when, and how of scenario-based e-learning for workforce learning. Throughout the book, Clark defines and demystifies scenario-based e-learning by offering a practical design model illustrated with examples from veterinary science, automotive troubleshooting, sales and loan analysis among other industries. Filled with helpful guidelines and a wealth of illustrative screen shots, this book offers you the information needed to:
- Identify the benefits of a SBeL design for learners and learning outcomes
- Determine when SBeL might be appropriate for your needs
- Identify specific outcomes of SBeL relevant to common organizational goals
- Classify specific instructional goals into one or more learning domains
- Apply a design model to present content in a task-centered context
- Evaluate outcomes from SBeL lessons
- Identify tacit expert knowledge using cognitive task analysis techniques
- Make a business case for SBeL in your organization
Praise for Scenario-Based e-Learning
"Clark has done it againwith her uncanny ability to make complex ideas accessible to practitioners, the guidelines in this book provide an important resource for you to build your own online, problem-centered instructional strategies."
M. David Merrill, professor emeritus at Utah State University; author, First Principles of Instruction
"Clark's wonderful book provides a solid explanation of the how, what, and why of scenario-based e-learning. The tools, techniques, and resources in this book provide a roadmap for creating engaging, informative scenarios that lead to tangible, measurable learning outcomes. If you want to design more engaging e-learning, you need to read this book."
Karl M. Kapp, Professor of Instructional Technology, Bloomsburg University; author, The Gamification of Learning and Instruction
Table of Contents:
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1: What is Scenario-based e-learning 1
Scenario-Based e-Learning: A First Look 2
What Do You think? 4
Scenario-Based e-Learning Defined 5
Scenario-Based vs. Directive Training Environments 7
What Scenario-Based e-Learning Is Not 10
Six Reasons to Consider Scenario-Based e-Learning Now 12
What Do You Think? Revisited 14
Coming Next 15
Additional Resources 15
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Why Now? 16
Chapter 2: When to Use Scenario-based e-learning 17
Consider Scenario-Based e-Learning for Strategic Tasks 18
What Do You Think? 18
Situations That Call for Scenario-Based e-Learning 19
Eight Scenario-Based Learning Domains 22
Scenario-Based Multimedia Interfaces 26
Meet the Scenario-Based e-Learning Samples 31
Coming Next 31
Additional Resources 31
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Your Scenario-Based e-Learning Opportunities 32
Chapter 3: Design of Scenario-based e-learning 35
Overview of a Scenario-Based e-Learning Design Model 35
Modes and Media in Scenario-Based e-Learning 42
Coming Next 44
Additional Resources 44
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Your Draft Design Model 45
Chapter 4: Defining Scenario Outcomes 47
Outcome Deliverables for Learning Domains 48
Assess the Complexity of your Outcome Responses 48
What Do You Think? 52
Translate Your Learning Objectives 53
Scenario Outcomes and Multimedia Interfaces 56
What Do You Think? Revisited 58
Coming Next 59
Additional Resource 59
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Translating Your Objectives 60
Chapter 5: Designing the Trigger Event and Case Data 63
What Do You Think? 64
Planning the Trigger Event 64
Defining Case Data 66
What Do You Think? Revisited 69
Coming Next 70
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Defining Your Trigger Event and Case Data 71
Chapter 6: Building Guidance in Scenario-based e-learning 73
What Do You Think 73
What Is Guidance? 75
Option 1: Fade Support from High to Low 77
Option 2: Move from Simple to Complex 79
Option 3: Consider Open vs. Closed Response Options 79
Option 4: Consider Interface/Navigation Design 80
Option 5: Add Training Wheels 81
Option 6: Incorporate Coaching and Advisors 82
Option 7: Embed Worksheets 83
Option 8: Adjust Feedback 84
Option 9: Make Learning Collaborative 85
What Do You Think? Revisited 85
Coming Next 86
Additional Resources 86
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Defining Guidance 87
Chapter 7: Putting the “L” in Scenario-based e-learning 89
What Do You Think? 89
Integrating Knowledge and Skill Resources 90
Tutorials 93
Reference 94
Examples 96
Instructors 97
What Do You Think? Revisited 98
Coming Next 99
Additional Resources 99
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Defining Instructional Resources 100
Chapter 8: Designing Feedback and Reflection 103
The Power of Feedback 103
Learning from Mistakes 104
Instructional vs. Intrinsic Feedback 104
What Do You Think? 105
Feedback in a Nutshell 106
Feedback and Reflection in Learning Domains 109
What Do You Think? Revisited 115
Coming Next 116
Additional Resources 116
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Defining Feedback 117
Chapter 9: Evaluation of Scenario-based e-Learning 119
What Do You Think? 122
Focusing Your Evaluation 122
Back to the Basics: Test Reliability and Validity 126
Test Items for Scenario-Based e-Learning 126
Did I Pass the Test? 128
Testing with Online Scenarios 131
What Do You Think? Revisited 132
Coming Next 133
Additional Resources 133
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Planning Your Evaluation 134
Chapter 10: Does Scenario-based e-learning Work? 137
Does It Work? 137
Is It Efficient? 138
Does It Motivate? 138
What Features Make a Difference? 138
What Do You Think? 139
Limits of Research 139
Discovery Learning Does Not Work 140
Guided Discovery Can Have Learning Advantages over “Traditional” Instruction 141
Learner Scaffolding Is Essential for Success 143
Guided Discovery Can Be More Motivating Than “Traditional” Instruction 149
Feedback and Reflection Promote Learning 149
Visual Representations Should Be Congruent with Your Learning Goals 150
Can Scenario-Based e-Learning Accelerate Expertise? 151
Research on Scenario-Based e-Learning—The Bottom Line 153
What Do You Think? Revisited 154
Coming Next 155
Additional Resources 155
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Evidence-Based Decisions 156
Chapter 11: Eliciting Critical Thinking Skills for Scenario-based e-learning 157
What Is Knowledge Elicitation? 158
What Do You Think? 158
Three Approaches to Knowledge Elicitation 158
Which Elicitation Method Should You Use? 162
Types of Knowledge and Skill to Elicit 164
Incorporating Critical Thinking Skills into Your Lessons 168
Guidelines for Success 171
What Do You Think? Revisited 172
Coming Next 172
Additional Resources 173
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Eliciting Tacit Knowledge 174
Chapter 12: Implementing Scenario-based e-learning 177
What Do you Think? 178
Four Steps to Project Success 178
Step One: Present a Strong Business Case 178
Step Two: Plan Your Project 184
Step Three: Design Your Approach 187
Step Four: Develop Your First Scenario 188
What Do You Think? Revisited 190
Coming Next: Your Scenario-Based e-Learning Project 191
Additional Resources 191
Scenario-Based e-Learning and You: Planning Your Implementation 192
Appendix A: An Introduction to the Scenario-Based e-Learning Examples 197
Appendix B: Repeated Figures 207
Appendix C: Reliability and Validity for Learning Measures for Scenario-Based e-Learning 215
List of Figures and Tables 221
Glossary 225
References 229
About the Author 233
Index 235
