At present, identity theft is one of the most prevalent security threats.

Authentication is an inevitable process of verifying an individual's identity, who

wants to access the resources of a system. Though, machine authentication (machinemachine

authentication) is to protect the machine through several secure protocols

like Secure Socket Layer (SSL) but it cannot stop all the illegal accesses. In order,

user authentications come to rescue, and consequently we witness stringent policies to

avoid identity theft. Every framework has different authentication arrangements to

include different authentication techniques. The ultimate objective of authentication is

to increase the security level of authorized users and to eliminate the unauthorized

accesses, whatsoever authentication technique is employed.

The classification of authentication techniques is based on three zones:

Knowledge Based Authentication (KBA), Object Based Authentication (OBA), and

Characteristics Based Authentication (CBA). KBA includes user-id and password,

passphrase, challenge questions, zero knowledge-based protocols, challenge response

protocols etc. OBA is described by the physical belonging or utilization of any

hardware device used to verify the user for example smart cards, identity cards etc. It

is employed generally in banking, transport, parking and hotels (Levy & Ramim

2009). The trouble of misplacing the device and allowing unauthorized access can be

explained by embedding other factors into it. CBA or Biometrics is characterized by

unique property a user possesses, including fingerprint, audio or voice recognition,

signature recognition and face recognition. Kaur and Mustafa (2016) also discussed

various authentication mechanism and authentication methods. Their respective

strengths and weaknesses are briefly listed in Table 1a.

Despite security problems, password authentication has been having increasing

influence on the internet for the last five decades. Several researchers have worked for

strengthening password based authentication, primarily to enhance effectiveness.

However, a comprehensive literature review revealed a little attempt on improving the

efficiency aspect of password based authentication- including changing the time

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computations, increasing the security considerations etc. More work needs to be done

for determining the distinction with, which users act to specific authentication

techniques in reference with authentication practices, that may enable attacks on the

system. Consequently, the circumstances and prevailing context are pressing hard the

need for effective and efficient authentication means.