For courses in foreign policy. This introductory text provides the historical background necessary for students to understand contemporary and future American foreign policies. It discusses American foreign policy since 1945 in several broad areas: defense policies; economic policy and trade; the ethical dimensions of human rights and environmental politics; and US policy toward the Third World. The text uses an historical approach rather than theoretical or policymaking approaches to give students an understanding of how post-Cold War policy has evolved from the structural constraints of the Cold War era.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements. Dedication. List of Abbreviations. Preface. I. WAR. Introduction to Part I. Internet Resources for Part I. 1. Security Policy, from Yalta to Vietnam. 1945: A New World Order? Origins of the Cold War. The Early Cold War Era. The Korean War. The War in Vietnam. 2. Security Policy from Détente to the End of the Cold War and Beyond. Four Elements of Nixon's Détente. American Versus Soviet Views of Dètente. The New Cold War for Carter and Reagan. American and Soviet Policies That Ended the Cold War. Post–Cold War Foreign Policy. American Security Policy in a New Millennium. 3. Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control. Introduction: Birth of the Atomic Age. Minimum Deterrence or MAD. Flexible Deterrence or NUTS. Arms Control: Weapons of Mass Destruction. Conclusion—Nuclear Arms Reductions and Missile Defense: A Strategic Policy Beyond MAD Versus NUTS? 4. War, Peace, and the Evolution of U.S. Policy in the Middle East, by Bahram Rajaee. The United States in the Middle East prior to 1947. Key Doctrines in U.S. Middle Eastern Policy, 1947—1973. The Yom Kippur War. Oil Is Strengthened as a Regional Factor. The Camp David Accords. The Carter Doctrine. The Reagan Corollary: Implementing the Carter Doctrine. The Iran—Iraq War. The Kuwaiti Reflagging Operation. The First Bush Administration: Operationalizing the Reagan Legacy. The Second Gulf War. The Clinton Doctrine of Enlargement. Dual Containment. The Oslo Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process. Postscript: September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath. U.S. Policy and Strategy in the Middle East Today. 5. U.S. Intervention Policy After the Cold War by Robert DiPrizio. Introduction. The Weinberger-Powell Doctrine and PDD25. Northern Iraq. Somalia. Rwanda. Haiti. Bosnia. Kosovo. Conclusion. Annex I: Clinton Policy on Multilateral Peace Operations (PDD25). 6. U.S. Policy on Terrorism Before and After September 11, by Mark J. Miller. Distant Causes. Proximate Causes. U.S. Foreign Policy After the New Day of Infamy. II. MARKETS. Introduction to Part II. Internet Resources for Part II. 7. A History of America's Foreign Economic Policies. High Politics and Low Politics. Trade Wars and Military Agreements. Post-World War II Trade and Monetary Regimes. The Unique Nature of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy: Quantitative and Qualitative Reasons for the Importance of U.S. Policy. Isolationism (1776—1941). Unilateralism in U.S. FEP (1994—1971). Interdependence and U.S. FEP (1973—present). Super 301 and NAFTA: The “Hammers” of U.S. FEP. Results of the Uruguay Round: Partial U.S. Victories and the Creation of the WTO. U.S. Foreign Economic Policy in the New Millennium. 8. Debt Crises, the Asian Meltdown, and U.S. Policy Toward the IMF and World Bank, by Daniel M. Green. America and the Power of the Bretton Woods Institutions. The Washington Consensus after 1980. The Machinery of Policy Change in Washington. The Washington Consensus under Pressure: Piecemeal Change, 1992-1995. The Washington Consensus under Attack: Three “New Age” Financial Crises. Crisis, Reflection, and Rancor. Reform Agendas in the New Millennium. Conclusions. 9. American Policy and the WTO, by Candace A. Archer. Introduction. Post-World War II Foundations. A Second-Best Solution: The GATT. Structural Differences between the GATT and the WTO. Institutional Changes. Dispute Settlement. Shrimp, Sea Turtles, and Gasoline. What Do These Cases Mean? The U.S. Relationship with the WTO. The Problem Is Sovereignty. The Future. Conclusion. III. VALUES. Introduction to Part III. Internet Resources for Part III. 10. Foreign Policy and Human Rights. Ethics and Foreign Policy. From Independence to the Four Freedoms. From the Universal Declaration through the Early Cold War. Positive and Negative Developments in the 1960s. Kissinger Versus the Congress. Three Characteristics of the Carter Policy. Three Elements of the Reagan Policy. Test Cases During the Bush Years (1988—1992). Clinton: A Synthesis of Realism and Utopianism? The Future of U.S. Human Rights Policies: Double Standards versus the Kosovo Precedent. 11. American Policy Toward Third World Nations. Foreign Policy and International Regimes. Reforming Economic Regimes: The GSP and the “Link”. Metapower via Cartels or the NIEO? Conference Diplomacy and Global Summits in the 1990s. The Rio Earth Summit. U.S. Environmental Policy at Rio and Beyond. Conclusion: A New Global Bargain for Environmental Politics? 12. U.S. International Environmental Policy, by Richard T. Sylves. Science and Environmental Policy. The Earth Summit. The WTO and the Environment. Corporations and the Environment. Conclusions. Conclusion: Continuity and Change in a New Millennium. The First Year. Continuity and Change in Defense Policies. Continuity and Change in Non-defense Policies: Trade, the Environment, and Human Rights. Selected Bibliography for Part I. Selected Bibliography for Part II. @CHAPTER = Selected Bibliography for Part III. Contributors. Endnotes.