This comprehensive book describes the design, synthesis, mechanisms, characterization, fundamental properties, functions and development of self-healing smart materials and their composites with their allied applications. It covers cementitious concrete composites, bleeding composites, elastomers, tires, membranes, and composites in energy storage, coatings, shape-memory, aerospace and robotic applications. The 21 chapters are written by researchers from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv 1 Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 1 Facundo I. Altuna and Cristina E. Hoppe 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Extrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 5 1.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 13 1.4 Remote Activation of Self-Healing 21 1.5 Perspectives and Challenges 26 References 27 2 Smart Phenolics for Self-Healing and Shape Memory Applications 39 Baris Kiskan and Yusuf Yagci 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Self-Healable Polybenzoxazines 42 2.3 Benzoxazine Resins for Shape Memory Applications 51 2.4 Conclusion 57 References 58 3 Self-Healable Elastomers 65 Mariajose Cova Sánchez, Daniela Belén García, Mariano Martin Escobar and Marcela Mansilla 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Self-Healing in Elastomers 67 3.2.1 Self-Healing Mechanism 68 3.2.1.1 Heat Stimulated Self-Healing 68 3.2.1.2 Light Stimulated Self-Healing 68 3.2.1.3 Mechanochemical Self-Healing 68 3.2.1.4 Encapsulation 69 3.2.2 Characterization of Healing Process 70 3.3 Particular Cases in Different Elastomers 71 3.3.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 71 3.3.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 76 3.3.3 Polybutadiene Rubber 79 3.3.4 Bromobutyl Rubber 81 3.3.5 Silicones 84 3.3.6 Polyurethanes 89 References 92 4 Self-Healable Tires 99 Norazlianie Sazali, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed and Zul Adlan Mohd Hir 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Self-Healable Rubber 102 4.3 Promising Strategy for Self-Healing Rubber-Based Material 103 4.4 Conclusion 113 References 113 5 Self-Healing Bacterial Cementitious Composites 123 R. Preetham, R. Hari Krishna, M.N. Chandraprabha and R. Sivaramakrishna 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Biomineralization for Self-Healing 130 5.2.1 Bacteria as Self-Healing Agent 130 5.2.2 Bacterial Metabolic Pathway in Self-Healing 131 5.2.2.1 Urea Hydrolysis by Ureolytic Bacteria 132 5.2.2.2 Hydrolysis of CO2 by Carbonic Anhydrase Producing Bacteria 133 5.2.2.3 Hydrolysis of Organic Acids 134 5.2.2.4 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction 134 5.2.2.5 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction 135 5.2.2.6 Ammonification 135 5.3 Strategies to Enhance the Performance of Bacterial Self-Healing 139 5.4 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Bacterial Self-Healing 141 5.4.1 Nutrient Suitability for Optimal Bacterial Growth 142 5.4.2 Viability and Activity of Encapsulated Spores 143 5.4.3 Evaluation of Encapsulation Material 143 5.4.4 Crack Healing Efficiency 144 5.4.5 Effects of Capsule Material and Bacteria on Concrete Properties 146 5.5 Conclusion, Future Prospective & Challenges 146 References 147 6 Self-Healable Solar Cells: Recent Insights and Challenges 153 Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Sonia Bahrani, Seeram Ramakrishna, Chin Wei Lai and Wei-Hung Chiang 6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Functional Mechanism of Protection Approaches 155 6.2.1 Self-Healable Polymeric Structure 155 6.2.2 Shape Memory Polymeric Structure 156 6.2.3 Self-Cleanable Polymeric Platforms 157 6.3 Advanced Self-Healable Polymeric Materials 159 6.3.1 Self-Healable Polymers 159 6.3.2 Self-Healable Hydrogels 165 6.4 Shape Memory Materials 168 6.5 Self-Healable Solar Cells 169 6.6 Conclusions 175 References 175 7 Self-Healable Core–Shell Nanofibers 181 Sonia Bahrani, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Wei-Hung Chiang 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Self-Healing Polymers in Fabrication of Core–Shell Nanofibers 183 7.3 Strategies for Core–Shell Nanofibers Fabrication 184 7.3.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing 185 7.3.2 Vascular-Based Self-Healing 187 7.4 Methods of Fabrication of Self-Healing Core–Shell Nanofibers 188 7.4.1 Co-Electrospinning 188 7.4.2 Emulsion Electrospinning 190 7.4.3 Solution‐Blown 194 7.5 Self-Healing in Laminated Composite 194 7.6 Beneficial Self-Repairing Systems on Basis of Core–Shell Nanofibers 196 7.7 Conclusion 197 References 197 8 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 203 Angelita Cristiane Saul and João Henrique Zimnoch dos Santos 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Inverse Reactions and Chain Recombination 205 8.3 Reversible (Covalent) Bonds 205 8.3.1 Cycloadditions 206 8.3.2 Reversible Acylhydrazones 211 8.3.3 Disulfides 216 8.3.4 Alkoxyamines (Radicals) 218 8.3.5 Transesterification 222 8.4 Supramolecular Interactions 223 8.4.1 Hydrogen Bonds 224 8.4.2 π–π Interaction 225 8.4.3 Ionomers (Ballistic Stimulus) 226 8.4.4 Metallopolymers 227 8.5 Conclusion 229 References 229 9 Self-Healable Catalysis 237 Bilge Coşkuner Filiz 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Self-Healable Catalysis Applications 239 9.2.1 Oxygen Evolution Catalysts 239 9.2.2 Specific Catalysis Applications of Self-Healing Property 243 9.3 Conclusion 244 References 244 10 Self-Healing Materials in Corrosion Protection 247 Eiman Alibakhshi, Bahram Ramezanzadeh and Mohammad Mahdavian 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 Self-Healing Definition 249 10.3 Inhibition of the Corroded Regions Thanks to the Presence of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments/Inhibitors 251 10.4 The Imprisonment and Physical Release of the Inhibitor 256 10.4.1 Ion-Exchange Based Materials 257 10.4.2 Porous-Structure and Metal Oxide Materials 268 10.4.3 Conductive Polymers 269 10.4.4 Fibril Materials 270 10.4.5 Lamellar-Structure Materials 271 10.4.6 Other Containers 274 10.5 Healing Using Polymerizable Agents 275 10.6 Conclusion and Outlook 276 References 278 11 Self-Healable Conductive Materials 297 M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar, D. Balaji, V. Bhuvaneswari and S. Sivalingam 11.1 Introduction 298 11.2 Self-Healing Materials 298 11.2.1 Elastomers 298 11.2.2 Reversible Materials 303 11.3 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 304 11.3.1 Polymers 304 11.3.2 Capsules 306 11.3.3 Liquids 308 11.3.4 Composites 309 11.3.5 Coating 311 11.4 Conclusion 313 References 313 12 Self-Healable Artificial Skin 321 Younus Raza Beg, Gokul Ram Nishad and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Preparation and Properties of Artificial Skin 322 12.3 Applications of Electronic Skin 335 12.4 Conclusion 341 References 342 13 Self-Healing Smart Composites 345 Sithara Gopinath, Suresh Mathew and P. Radhakrishnan Nair 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Self-Healing Mechanisms and its Classifications 346 13.2.1 Intrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 348 13.2.2 Extrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 350 13.3 Self-Healing of Thermoplastic Materials 352 13.4 Self-Healing of Thermosetting Materials 354 13.5 Conclusions and Future Study 355 References 356 14 Stimuli-Responsive Self-Healable Materials 361 G. Jerald Maria Antony, S. Raja and S.T. Aruna 14.1 Self-Healing Materials 362 14.2 Synthesis of S-H Materials 364 14.3 Types of S-H Materials 365 14.4 Need for Stimuli-Responsive Shape Memory (S-RSM) Materials 367 14.5 Stimuli-Responsive or Nonautonomous S-H Materials 368 14.5.1 Light Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 369 14.5.2 Thermal Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 370 14.5.3 Chemical Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 371 14.5.4 Electric/Magnetic Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 372 14.5.5 Multi-Stimuli Responsive S-H Material 373 14.6 Commercialization and Challenges 374 14.7 Conclusions 375 References 375 15 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healable Materials 379 M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar and R. Saravanakumar 15.1 Introduction 380 15.2 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Gel 380 15.3 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Crystals 386 15.4 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Composites 389 15.5 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing for Corrosion 394 15.5.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing Approaches for Corrosion Protection 394 15.5.2 Fiber-Based Self-Healing Approaches for Corrosion Protection 398 15.6 Conclusion 399 References 400 16 Self-Healing Materials in Robotics 405 Sunny Kumar 16.1 Introduction 405 16.2 Chemistry of Self-Healing (S-H) Materials 406 16.3 Working of Self-Healing (S-H) Material 407 16.4 Application of Self-Healing Robots 407 16.4.1 Self-Healing Electronics for Soft Robotics 407 16.4.2 Self-Healing Electrostatic Actuators 408 16.4.3 Self-Healing Skin for Robotics 408 16.5 Approaches to Self-Healing 408 16.6 Material Application and Damage Resilience Mechanism 410 16.7 Conclusion 410 References 412 17 Self-Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications 415 M. Harikrishna Kumar, C. Moganapriya, A. Moha Kumar, R. Rajasekar and V. K. Gobinath 17.1 Introduction 415 17.2 Classification of Self-Healing Materials 417 17.2.1 Intrinsic Mechanism 417 17.2.2 Extrinsic Mechanism 418 17.2.2.1 Microencapsulation 418 17.2.2.2 Microvascular Network 419 17.3 Self-Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications 420 17.3.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymers 421 17.3.2 Modified Epoxy 425 17.3.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites 428 17.4 Conclusion 431 References 432 18 Bio-Inspired Self-Healable Materials 435 Archita Sharma and Shailendra Kumar Arya 18.1 Introduction 436 18.1.1 Self-Healable Materials and Coatings 439 18.1.1.1 The Process of Self-Healing Through the Exploitation of Micro-Capsule and Micro-Vascular Method 439 18.1.1.2 Self-Healing Process Through Reversible Covalent Bond Formation 442 18.1.1.3 Self-Healable Systems on the Basis of Supramolecular Self-Assembly 444 18.1.2 Mechanism of Self-Healing Materials 445 18.2 Repairing and Healing the Damage 448 18.3 A Systematic Biomimetic Approach 448 18.4 Self-Healable Materials: Case Studies 449 18.4.1 Regrowth of Limbs 449 18.4.2 The Mechanism of Bone Healing 451 18.4.3 Cutaneous Wound Healing 452 18.5 Applications of Bio-Inspired Self-Healable Materials—Examples 453 18.5.1 Bio-Inspired Ionic Skin for Pressure Sensing 453 18.5.2 Self-Healable Synthetic Vascular Materials Concerning Internal Damage 456 18.5.3 Biobased Self-Healable Color Hydrogel 458 18.5.4 Bio-Inspired Support for Repairing Damaged Articular Cartilage 461 18.6 Conclusions and Outlook 464 References 465 19 Self-Healable Batteries 475 Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Maryam Zarei, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Wei-Hung Chiang, Chin Wei Lai and Sonia Bahrani 19.1 Introduction 476 19.2 Development of Self-Healing Materials 478 19.3 Self-Healing Batteries 481 19.3.1 Self-Healable Electrodes 481 19.3.2 Self-Healable Electrolytes 483 19.4 Conclusions 487 References 488 20 Self-Healing in Bleeding Composites 495 Lutfur Rahman, Ata Ullah, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman 20.1 Introduction 496 20.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Self-Healing Materials and Their Repairing Approaches 498 20.3 Strategies of Self-Healing in Engineered Materials 499 20.3.1 Materials With Bioinspired Self-Healing Mechanism 499 20.3.2 Self-Healing in Composite Materials Based on Biomimetic Approaches 502 20.3.3 Vascular Networks 502 20.4 Healing Agents, Comparison With Biological Phenomenon and Bleeding Mechanism in Self-Healing Composite Materials 503 20.4.1 Compartmentalization, Recovery After Yield and Reinforce Repair 506 20.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Repairing Bleeding Composite Materials 507 20.6 Conclusion 508 References 508 21 Self-Healing Polymers 511 Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Adrish Sohail, Iram Ghaffar, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Hina Anwar, Musa Abidemi Muhibi, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Umme Laila and Mathew Olaniyan 21.1 Introduction 512 21.2 General Overview on Self-Healing Materials 513 21.3 Design of Self-Healing 515 21.3.1 Modes of Action of Self-Healing 515 21.3.2 Rearrangement of Surface Dynamics 516 21.3.3 Bringing the Surfaces Together 516 21.3.4 Wetness 516 21.3.5 Diffusion 516 21.4 Application of Self-Healing Materials 517 21.4.1 Properties of Self-Healing 518 21.4.2 Advancement in Self-Healing 518 21.4.3 Classification of Self-Healing 519 21.4.4 Healing Mechanism Types of Healing 519 21.4.4.1 Crack Filling Healing Process 519 21.4.4.2 Diffusion 521 21.4.4.3 Bond Reformation 521 21.4.4.4 Application 521 21.5 Specific Examples of Self-Healing Polymer 522 21.5.1 Intrinsic Self-Healing 522 21.5.2 Extrinsic Self-Healing 522 21.5.3 One Capsule System 522 21.5.4 Self-Healing Based on Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization 522 21.5.5 Solvent-Induced Self-Healing 523 21.5.6 Dual-Capsule Systems 523 21.5.6.1 Polydimethylsiloxane Condensation 524 21.5.6.2 Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation 524 21.5.6.3 Adaptive Resistant Effect 524 21.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 525 References 525 Index 531