This book provides an in-depth understanding of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. It highlights several of today's research and technological challenges of translating the concept of the IoT into a practical, technologically feasible, and business-viable solution. It introduces two novel technologies--sensor-cloud and fog computing--as the crucial enablers for the sensing and compute backbone of the IoT. The book discusses these two key enabling technologies of IoT that include a wide range of practical design issues and the futuristic possibilities and directions involving sensor networks and cloud and fog computing environments towards the realization and support of IoT. Classroom presentations and solutions to end of chapter questions are available to instructors who use the book in their classes.

Table of Contents:
Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................... xiii Preface ..........................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................xix About the Authors ........................................................................................xxi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 History and Evolution of Cloud Computing .....................................3 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Classification of Cloud Computing .................................... 4 1.1.2 Cloud Computing Deployment Models ............................. 4 1.1.3 Cloud Computing Service Models ...................................... 6 1.2 Computation in Cloud .................................................................. 7 1.2.1 Resource Management ........................................................ 8 1.2.2 Virtualization .................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Green Computing ............................................................. 16 1.3 Cloud Applications ...................................................................... 17 1.4 Summary ..................................................................................... 18 Reference ..................................................................................... 19 2 Sensor Networks and the Cloud ......................................................25 2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks ............................................................ 26 2.1.1 Background and Evolution ............................................... 26 2.1.2 Design of a Sensor Node ................................................... 32 2.1.3 Applications of Sensor Networks ...................................... 33 2.1.4 Challenges and Constraints ............................................... 34 2.2 Unification of WSNs with Cloud: Dawn of a New Era ............... 36 2.2.1 The Significance of Cloud Computing ............................. 36 2.2.2 How Does Integration Work? Example Scenarios ............. 37 2.2.3 Challenges ........................................................................ 40 2.3 Summary ..................................................................................... 41 Reference ..................................................................................... 43 3 Introduction to the Internet of Things ............................................47 3.1 Inception and Background ........................................................... 48 3.1.1 Definition ......................................................................... 48 3.1.2 Characteristics ................................................................... 50 3.2 IoT Middleware ........................................................................... 52 3.3 IoT Applications .......................................................................... 54 3.3.1 Healthcare ........................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Smart City Applications .................................................... 55 3.3.3 Smart Home ..................................................................... 55 3.3.4 Telecommunication .......................................................... 56 3.3.5 Supply Chain Management .............................................. 56 3.4 Open Research Challenges and Future Trends ............................. 56 3.5 Summary ..................................................................................... 59 Reference ..................................................................................... 60 PART 2 THE SENSOR-CLOUD PARADIGM 4 The Sensor-Cloud vs. Sensors and the Cloud ..................................65 4.1 What Is the Sensor-Cloud? .......................................................... 66 4.2 Background of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................. 67 4.2.1 Motivation of the Sensor-Cloud ....................................... 67 4.2.2 Actors of the Sensor-Cloud ............................................... 68 4.2.3 Architecture of the Sensor-Cloud ...................................... 69 4.2.4 Views of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................ 70 4.3 Sensor Virtualization .................................................................... 73 4.3.1 Configurations of Virtualization ....................................... 73 4.3.2 Characterization of Virtualization ..................................... 74 4.4 Sensor-Cloud Applications ........................................................... 76 4.4.1 Case Studies ...................................................................... 76 4.5 Some Insights .............................................................................. 79 4.5.1 Performance Metrics ......................................................... 79 4.5.2 Performance Evaluation .................................................... 81 4.6 Summary ..................................................................................... 84 Reference ..................................................................................... 86 5 Data Flow in the Sensor-Cloud ........................................................89 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 89 5.2 Composition of a Virtual Sensor .................................................. 89 5.2.1 Algorithms for Optimal Composition ............................... 91 5.2.2 CoV-I: Composition of VS within the Same Region ........ 91 5.2.3 CoV-II: Composition of VS and VSG across Multiple Regions .............................................................. 92 5.2.4 Performance Evaluation of CoVs ...................................... 93 5.3 Data Management ....................................................................... 94 5.3.1 Data Caching .................................................................... 94 5.3.2 Data Transmission .......................................................... 101 5.4 Summary ................................................................................... 110 Reference ................................................................................... 112 6 Pricing and Networking in the Sensor-Cloud ................................115 6.1 Scenario for Pricing .................................................................... 116 6.2 The Model for Pricing ............................................................... 116 6.2.1 Assumptions of the Model .............................................. 117 6.3 pH: Pricing Attributed to Hardware .......................................... 119 6.3.1 Selection of the Next Hop Node .................................... 119 6.3.2 Context-Aware Pricing .................................................... 120 6.4 pI: Pricing Attributed to Infrastructure ...................................... 121 6.5 Real-Life Applicability: A Case Study ........................................ 123 6.6 Networking ................................................................................ 123 6.7 System Description .................................................................... 126 6.8 Formal Definition of the Problem .............................................. 126 6.9 Complexity Analysis .................................................................. 129 6.10 Summary ................................................................................... 130 Reference ................................................................................... 131 7 Sensor-Cloud for Internet of Things ..............................................133 7.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 133 7.2 Enabling IoT through Sensor-Cloud .......................................... 134 7.2.1 Contributions through Architecture ................................ 134 7.2.2 Contributions through Functionalities ............................ 137 7.2.3 Contributions through the Life Cycle ............................. 137 7.3 Summary ................................................................................... 139 Reference ................................................................................... 141 PART III FROM THE CORE TO THE EDGE: FOG 8 Fog: The Next-Gen Cloud .............................................................145 8.1 Introduction to Fog Computing ................................................ 146 8.1.1 Where Does Cloud Computing Fall Short? .................... 147 8.1.2 Definition ....................................................................... 149 8.1.3 Fog versus Other Computing Paradigms ........................ 151 8.1.4 Where There Is Fog, There Is Cloud .............................. 158 8.2 Characteristics of Fog Computing ............................................. 160 8.3 Advantages of Fog Computing ................................................... 161 8.4 Summary ................................................................................... 163 Reference ................................................................................... 164 9 Fog Computing Applications .........................................................167 9.1 IoT Applications and Fog Computing ....................................... 168 9.2 Fog Applications ........................................................................ 170 9.2.1 Healthcare and Well-being ............................................. 170 9.2.2 Smart Vehicle Management ............................................ 173 9.2.3 Smart City Applications .................................................. 175 9.2.4 Smart Data Management ................................................ 178 9.2.5 Other Emerging Application Sectors ............................... 180 9.3 Summary ................................................................................... 180 Reference ................................................................................... 181 10 Fog Architecture .............................................................................187 10.1 The Comprehensive Framework ................................................ 187 10.1.1 Communication and Network Model ........................ 189 10.2 Mathematical Model of the System ............................................ 190 10.3 Application Agnostic Fog Architectures ...................................... 195 10.3.1 Programming Models ................................................. 196 10.4 Application-Specific Fog Architectures ....................................... 199 10.4.1 Fog Architectures for Healthcare ................................ 199 10.4.2 Fog Architectures for Smart City Environments ......... 203 10.4.3 Other Application-Specific Fog Architectures ............. 205 10.5 Summary ................................................................................... 207 Reference ................................................................................... 208 11 Towards a “Green”-er Internet of Things ......................................213 11.1 Reference Model ........................................................................ 214 11.1.1 Assumptions ............................................................... 215 11.1.2 Reference Architecture ................................................ 215 11.2 Networking Model ..................................................................... 216 11.3 Performance Metrics .................................................................. 218 11.3.1 Power Consumption ................................................... 219 11.3.2 Service Latency ........................................................... 223 11.4 A Case Study: Simulation Setup ................................................. 226 11.4.1 Network Topology ..................................................... 226 11.4.2 Network Traffic .......................................................... 227 11.4.3 Performance Metrics ................................................... 227 11.5 A Case Study: Performance Evaluation ...................................... 228 11.5.1 Service Latency ........................................................... 228 11.5.2 Power Consumption ................................................... 229 11.5.3 CO2 Emission ............................................................. 230 11.5.4 Cost ............................................................................ 232 11.6 Summary .................................................................................... 232 Reference ................................................................................... 234 12 Security in the IoT .........................................................................237 12.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 237 12.1.1 IoT Security vs. Conventional Security ...................... 237 12.1.2 Difference between Security and Privacy .................... 238 12.2 Security in the IoT ..................................................................... 238 12.2.1 Protocol Stack for the IoT .......................................... 240 12.2.2 Security Threats in the IoT ......................................... 241 12.3 Misbehavior in M2M Communication ...................................... 244 12.3.1 Where Do We Stand? ................................................. 245 12.3.2 Problem Scenario ........................................................ 246 12.3.3 System Model ............................................................. 247 12.3.4 Operation ................................................................... 247 12.3.5 Quantitative Results ................................................... 249 12.4 Summary .................................................................................... 251 Reference ................................................................................... 253 Index ...........................................................................................................257