The Space Physics and Aeronomy collection is a five-volume set of books presenting the latest scientific observations, models, and theories. Arranged sequentially, the books examine the Sun and the solar wind, magnetospheres in the Solar system, Earth's ionosphere, Earth's upper atmosphere, and the effects of space weather. Volume 1: Solar Physics and Solar Wind — A comprehensive view of our Sun at the start of a new era in solar and heliospheric physics Volume 2: Magnetospheres in the Solar System — An overview of current knowledge and future research directions in magnetospheric physics Volume 3: Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications — A comprehensive review of global ionospheric research from the polar caps to equatorial regions Volume 4: Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics — A comprehensive overview of the structure and variability of the upper atmosphere Volume 5: Space Weather Effects and Applications — Examines how solar and terrestrial space phenomena affect sophisticated technological systems The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief.

Table of Contents:
Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 1, Solar Physics and Solar Wind List of Contributors vii Preface ix 1. The Solar Wind Alexis P. Rouillard, Nicholeen Viall, Viviane Pierrard, Christian Vocks, Lorenzo Matteini, Olga Alexandrova, Aleida K. Higginson, Benoit Lavraud, Michael Lavarra, Yihong Wu, Rui Pinto, Alessandro Bemporad, and Eduardo Sanchez-Diaz 1 2. The Heating of the Solar Corona Nicholeen M. Viall, Ineke De Moortel, Cooper Downs, James A. Klimchuk, Susanna Parenti, and Fabio Reale 35 3. Solar Magnetism and Radiation Gordon Petrie, Serena Criscuoli, and Luca Bertello 83 4. Solar Energetic Particles Christina M.S. Cohen, Gang Li, Glenn M. Mason, Albert Y. Shih, and Linghua Wang 133 5. Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections Barbara J. Thompson, Jiong Qiu, Noe Lugaz, and David F. Webb 179 6. Fine-Scale Features of the Sun’s Atmosphere: Spicules and Jets Alphonse C. Sterling 221 7. Solar Interior Mark Linton, Mausumi Dikpati, and Rachel Howe 251 Index 301 Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 2, Magnetospheres in the Solar System List of Contributors ix Preface xvi Part I: The Earth Magnetosphere 1 1 A Brief History of the Magnetosphere 3 David J. Southwood 2 Large-Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere 15 David G. Sibeck and Kyle R. Murphy 3 The Equations of the Magnetosphere 37 Herbert Gunell Part II: Fundamental Processes 47 4 Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail 49 Tsugunobu Nagai 5 Turbulence and Complexity of Magnetospheric Plasmas 67 Marius Echim, Tom Chang, Peter Kovacs, Anna Wawrzaszek, Emiliya Yordanova, Yasuhito Narita, Zoltan Vörös, Roberto Bruno, Wieslaw Macek, Kalevi Mursula, and Giuseppe Consolini 6 Wave--Particle Interactions in the Earths Magnetosphere 93 Richard M. Thorne, Jacob Bortnik, Wen Li, and Qianli Ma 7 Cross-Scale Energy Transport in Space Plasmas: Applications to the Magnetopause Boundary 109 Katariina Nykyri, Xuanye Ma, and Jay Johnson Part III: Solar Wind--Magnetosphere Coupling 123 8 Solar Wind Interaction with Earths Bow Shock 125 Georges. K. Parks, Ensang Lee, Zhongwei W. Yang, Naiguo Lin, Suiyan Y. Fu, and Ying Liu 9 The Magnetosheath 137 Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, and Zoltán Vörös 10 Dayside Magnetopause Processes 153 Stephen A. Fuselier 11 The Polar Cusps of the Earths Magnetosphere 163 Benoit Lavraud and Karlheinz J. Trattner 12 The Earths Low-Latitude Boundary Layer 177 Takuma K. M. Nakamura Part IV: Magnetosphere--Ionosphere Coupling 193 13 Field-Aligned Currents in the Magnetosphere--Ionosphere 195 Hermann Lühr and Guram Kervalishvili 14 Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Transport 207 Andrew W. Yau, Takumi Abe, Mats André, Andrew D. Howarth, and William K. Peterson 15 Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetosphere 219 Mats André, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, and Andrew W. Yau 16 Magnetosphere--Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitating Electrons and Ionospheric Conductance 229 George V. Khazanov, David G. Sibeck, and Mike Chu Part V: The Dynamic Magnetosphere 243 17 Magnetotail Processes 245 Joachim Birn, Andrei Runov, and Yuri Khotyaintsev 18 The Active Magnetosphere: Substorms and Storms 277 Yukitoshi Nishimura and Larry R. Lyons 19 The Northward IMF Magnetosphere 293 Robert C. Fear 20 A Brief Review of the Ring Current and Outstanding Problems 311 Raluca Ilie, Muhammad Fraz Bashir, and Elena A. Kronberg 21 Source, Loss, and Transport of Energetic Particles Deep Inside Earths Magnetosphere (L <4) 323 Xinlin Li, Richard S. Selesnick, Hong Zhao, Daniel N. Baker, J. Bernard Blake, and Michael A. Temerin 22 The Plasmasphere: Its Interactions and Dynamics 335 Fabien Darrouzet, Dennis L. Gallagher, and Johan De Keyser 23 Impact of Ionospheric Ions on Magnetospheric Dynamics 353 Elina A. Kronberg, Elena E. Grigorenko, Raluca Ilie, Lynn Kistler, and Dan Welling Part VI: Planetary Magnetic Fields 365 24 Planetary Magnetic Fields 367 Karl-Heinz Glassmeier and Daniel Heyner Part VII: Induced Magnetospheres 391 25 Induced Magnetospheres: Mars 393 Jasper S. Halekas, Janet G. Luhmann, Eduard Dubinin, and Yingjuan Ma 26 Induced Magnetospheres: Titan 407 César Bertucci 27 Birth of a Magnetosphere 427 Hans Nilsson, Etienne Behar, James L. Burch, Christopher M. Carr, Anders I. Eriksson, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Pierre Henri, Marina Galand, Charlotte Goetz, Herbert Gunell, and Tomas Karlsson 28 Induced Magnetospheres: Atmospheric Escape 441 David A. Brain Part VIII: Giant Planet Magnetospheres 453 29 The Magnetodisk Regions of Jupiter and Saturn 455 Nicholas Achilleos, Patick Guio, Flavien Hardy, Chris Paranicas, and Arianna M. Sorba 30 Fast Rotating Magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn Plasma Sources, Loss and Transport 471 Abigail M. Rymer 31 Gas Giant Magnetosphere--Ionosphere--Thermosphere Coupling 485 Licia C. Ray and Japheth N. Yates 32 The Radiation Belts of Jupiter and Saturn 499 Elias Roussos and Peter Kollmann 33 Asymmetrical Magnetospheres: Uranus and Neptune 515 Christopher S. Arridge and Carol Paty Part IX: Mini-magnetospheres and Moon--Magnetosphere Interactions 535 34 A Dungey Cycle in the Life of Mercurys Magnetosphere 537 James A. Slavin, Suzanne M. Imber, and Jim M. Raines 35 The Magnetosphere of Ganymede 557 Xianzhe Jia and Margaret G. Kivelson 36 Overview of Moon--Magnetosphere Interactions 575 Joachim Saur Part X: Investigating Magnetospheric Processes 595 37 Global Simulations 597 Joachim Raeder, Kai Germaschewski, William D. Cramer, and John Lyon 38 Kinetic Modeling in the Magnetosphere 607 Stefano Markidis, Vyacheslav Olshevsky, Gábor Tóth, Yuxi Chen, Ivy Bo Peng, Giovanni Lapenta, and Tamas Gombosi 39 Data-Based Modeling of the Earth's Magnetic Field 617 Nikolai Tsyganenko, Varvara Andreeva, Marina Kubyshkina, Mikhail Sitnov, and Grant Stephens 40 Multispacecraft Measurements In The Magnetosphere 637 Malcolm W. Dunlop, TieYan Wang, XiangCheng Dong, Stein Haarland, QuanQi Shi, HuiShan Fu, Johan De Keyser, Chao Shen, ZhaoJin Rong, Christophe Phillippe Escoubet, ZuYin Pu, and Jonathan Eastwood 41 Exploring Small Scales with MMS 657 James L. Burch and Kyoung-Joo Hwang 42 Global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imaging of Magnetospheres 673 Pontus C. Brandt 43 Laboratory Experiments: Putting Space into the Lab 699 Mark Koepke Part XI: Future Directions 715 44 Challenges in Modeling the Outer Magnetosphere 717 Gábor Tóth, Yuxi Chen, Zhenguang Huang, and Bart van der Holst 45 Does a Magnetosphere Protect the Ionosphere? 729 Romain Maggiolo and Herbert Gunell 46 Some Unsolved Problems of Magnetospheric Physics 743 Michael H. Denton 47 Instigators of Future Change in Magnetospheric Research 753 Michael W. Liemohn, Amy M. Keesee, L. Kepko, and Mark B. Moldwin Index 765 Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 3, Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications List of Contributors vii Preface xi Part I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 1 1 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3 Cheryl Huang 2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21 Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott 3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49 Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren 4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67 Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster 5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83 Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. Brambles Part II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 115 6 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117 John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson 7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127 Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik 8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139 Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly Streltsov Part III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 159 9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161 Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute 10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185 Joe D. Huba 11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201 Roland T. Tsunoda 12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281 Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou 13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301 Xiaoli Luan Part IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 313 14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315 Takashi Kikuchi 15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339 Shun-Rong Zhang 16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369 Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella 17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401 Endawoke Yizengaw 18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421 Yuichi Otsuka Part V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 439 19 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441 Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway 20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493 Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen 21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511 Kosuke Heki 22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527 Michael P. Hickey Index 543 Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics List of Contributors vii Preface xi Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere 1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere Arthur D. Richmond 3 2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System Young-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 19 3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 41 4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Yue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 65 5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo Astrid Maute 79 Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition 6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere Alan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 107 7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere Yongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 115 8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective Edwin Mierkiewicz 135 Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves 9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides Jeffrey M. Forbes 159 10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere Jia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 183 11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation Yasunobu Miyoshi 217 Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability 12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly Jiuhou Lei 229 13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review Jing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 239 14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Liying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 253 15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Huixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 275 16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 301 17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere Jan Lastovicka 325 Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation 18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density Tomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345 Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations 19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results Jiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 367 20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars Chiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 395 21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design Jeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 451 22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design Jeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 469 23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing Larry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487 Index 523 Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 5, Space Weather Effects and Applications List of Contributors vii Preface ix Introduction: Space Weather Underlies Reliable Technologies 1 Louis J. Lanzerotti, Philip J. Erickson, and Anthea J. Coster 1. Effects of Space Radiation on Contemporary Space]Based Systems I: Single Event Upsets, Spacecraft Charging, Degradation of Electronics, and Attenuation on Fiber Cabling 3 Daniel N. Baker and Michael Bodeau 2. Effects of Space Radiation on Contemporary Space]Based Systems II: Spacecraft Internal and External Charging and Discharging Effects 13 Michael Bodeau and Daniel N. Baker 3. Effects of Space Radiation on Humans in Space Flight 63 Lawrence W. Townsend 4. Space Weather Radiation Effects on High]Altitude/]Latitude Aircraft 79 Christopher J. Mertens and W. Kent Tobiska 5. Remaining Issues in Upper Atmosphere Satellite Drag 111 Jeffrey P. Thayer, W. Kent Tobiska, Marcin D. Pilinski, and Eric K. Sutton 6. Solar Radio Burst Effects on Radio] and Radar]Based Systems 141 Dale E. Gary and Timothy S. Bastian 7. Space Weather Influences on HF, UHF, and VHF Radio Propagation 153 Gary S. Bust, William Liles, and Cathryn Mitchell 8. GNSS/GPS Degradation from Space Weather 165 Anthea J. Coster and Endawoke Yizengaw 9. Geomagnetic Field Impacts on Ground Systems 183 John Kappenman and William Radasky Epilogue: The Road to Future Progress in Space Weather Understanding 215 Philip J. Erickson, Louis J. Lanzerotti, and Anthea J. Coster Index 217