Speech Science

Table of Contents:
Each chapter concludes with "Clinical Case Study and Questions," “Summary” and “Review Exercises.”   Foreword.   Acknowledgments.   1. Introduction.       Overview of Chapters.   2. The Nature of Sound.       Air Pressure.             Measurement of Air Pressure             Movement of Air             Air Pressure, Volume, and Density             Sound: Changes in Air Pressure             Elasticity and Inertia             Wave Motion of Sound             Characteristics of Sound Waves                     Frequency and Period                     Velocity and Wavelength                     Sound Absorption and Reflection                     Constructive and Destructive Interference                     Pure Tones and Complex Waves                     Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves             Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra       Attributes of Sounds             Frequency and Pitch                     Human Range of Hearing             Amplitude and Intensity                     Amplitude                     Intensity                     Decibel Scale                     Advantages of the Decibel Scale                     Auditory Area       Resonance             Free and Forced Vibration             Types of Resonators                     Acoustic Resonators                 Acoustic Resonators as Filters                     Bandwidth                     Cutoff Frequencies                     Resonance Curves                     Parameters of a Filter                     Types of Filters   3. Clinical Application of Frequency and Intensity Variables.       Vocal Frequency and Amplitude             Frequency Variables                     Average Fundamental Frequency                     Frequency Variability                     Maximum Phonational Frequency Range             Amplitude and Intensity Variables                     Average Amplitude Level                     Amplitude Variability                     Dynamic Range                     Voice Range Profile       Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude             Voice Disorders             Neurological Disorders   4. The Respiratory System.       The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System             Structures of the Lower Respiratory System                     Bronchial Tree             Muscles of Respiration                     Accessory Muscles of Respiration                     Muscles of the Abdomen             Pleural Linkage             Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs                     Inhalation                     Exhalation             Rate of Breathing             Lung Volumes and Capacities                     Resting Expiratory Level             Lung Volumes                     Tidal Volume                     Inspiratory Reserve Volume                     Expiratory Reserve Volume                     Residual Volume                     Dead Air             Lung Capacities                     Vital Capacity                     Functional Residual Capacity                     Total Lung Capacity                     Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities             Differences Between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech                     Location of Air Intake                     Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation                     Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle                     Muscle Activity for Exhalation             Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration                     Air Pressures                     Airflow                     Lung Volume and Chest Wall Shape             Breathing Patterns for Speech             Changes in Speech Breathing over the Life-span   5. Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production.       Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing             Parkinson's Disease             Cerebellar Disease             Cervical Spinal Cord Injury             Cerebral Palsy             Mechanical Ventilation             Voice Disorders             Hearing Impairment   6. The Phonatory System.       The Vocal Mechanism             Laryngeal Skeleton                     Bones and Cartilages                     Joints of the Larynx             Valves within the Larynx                     Aryepiglottic Folds                     False Vocal Folds                     True Vocal Folds                     Cover-body Model                     Glottis             Muscles of the Larynx                     Extrinsic Muscles                     Intrinsic Muscles             Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation                     Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration                     Voice Fundamental Frequency                     Voice Intensity                     Pressures Involved in Phonation              The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice                     Glottal Spectrum                     Harmonic Spacing                     Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice                     Sources of fitter and Shimmer                     Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer       Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality             Vocal Registers             Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers                     Pulse                     Falsetto                     Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto                     Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking       Voice Quality             Normal Voice Quality             Abnormal Voice Qualities             Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice                     Breathy Voice                     Rough or Hoarse Voice             Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality                     Electroglottography                     EGG and Register                     EGG Slope Quotients   7. Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality.       Jitter and Shimmer Measures             Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders                     Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis                     Parkinson's Disease                     Endotracheal Intubation                     Laryngeal Cancer                     Functional Voice Problems                     Stuttering             Measures of Voice Quality                     Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality                     Aging                     EGG and Vocal Disorders                     EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia                     EGG and Parkinson's Disease   8. The Articulatory System.       Articulators of the Vocal Tract             Oral Cavity             Lips             Teeth                     Dental Occlusion             Hard Palate             Soft Palate                     Muscles of the Velum                     Velopharyngeal Closure             Tongue                     Muscles of the Tongue                     Tongue Movements for Speech             Pharynx                     Muscles of the Pharynx             Nasal Cavities             Valves of the Vocal Tract       Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels             Place of Articulation of English Consonants             Manner of Articulation of English Consonants                     Stops                     Fricatives                     Affricates                     Nasals                     Glides                     Liquids             Voicing             Vowel Classification       Vocal Tract Resonance             Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator             Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave             Source-filter Theory of Vowel Production                     Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes             Vowel Formant Frequencies                     F1/F2 Plots             Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds                     Vowels                     Diphthongs                     Glides                     Liquids                     Stops                     Fricatives                     Affricates                         Nasals       The Production of Speech Sounds in Context             Coarticulation             Suprasegmentals                     Intonation                     Stress                     Duration   9. Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants.       Source-filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production             Dysarthria                     Vowel Duration Measurements                     Vowel Formant Measurements                     Consonant Measures             Hearing Impairment                     Segmental Problems                     Suprasegmental Problems                     Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers                     Palatometry and Glossometry             Phonological Disorders             Tracheotomy             Cleft Palate   10. The Auditory System.       Parts of the Ear             Outer Ear             Tympanic Membrane             Middle Ear                     Ossicles                     Muscles                     Auditory Tube                     Functions of the Middle Ear             Inner Ear                     Cochlea                     Basilar Membrane                     Cochlear Function       Perception of Speech             Segmentation Problem             Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception             Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs                     Vowels                     Diphthongs             Perception of Consonants                     Categorical Perception                     Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception                     Influence of Coarticulation                     Liquids                     Glides                     Nasals                     Stops                     Fricatives                     Affricates             The Role of Context in Speech Perception       Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants             Immittance Audiometry                     Tympanograms                     Tympanometric Procedure                     Tympanogram Shapes                     Advantages of Tympanometry             Otoacoustic Emissions                     Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions             Cochlear Implants   11. Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits.               Hearing Loss                     Vowel Perception                     Consonant Perception                     Cochlear Implants                     Otitis Media             Language and Reading Disability             Articulatory Problems   12. The Nervous System.       Brain tissue             Glial cells             Neurons                     Types of neurons             Sensory receptors             Neuronal function             Conduction velocity       Functional anatomy of the nervous system     Central nervous system             Meninges             Ventricles     Overview of functional brain anatomy     Cortex             Lobes of the brain                     Frontal lobe                     Parietal lobes                     Temporal lobes                     Occipital lobe                     Limbic lobe             Cortical connections                     Commissural fibers                     Association fibers                     Projection fibers             Subcortical areas of the brain                     Basal nuclei                     Thalamus                     Hypothalamus             Brainstem                     Midbrain                     Pons                     Medulla             Cerebellum             Spinal cord             Cranial nerves             Blood supply to the brain       Motor control systems involved in speech production             Motor cortex             Upper and lower motor neurons                     Direct and indirect systems                     Motor units             Principles of motor control                     Feedback and feedforward                     Efference copy   13. Clinical Application of Brain Function Measures.       Techniques for imaging brain structure             Computerized tomography             Magnetic resonance imaging     Techniques for imaging brain function             Functional magnetic resonance imaging             Positron emission tomography             Single photon emission computed tomography             Electroencephalography and evoked potentials     Use of brain imaging techniques in communication disorders             Stuttering             Parkinson's disease             Multiple sclerosis             Alzheimer's disease   14. Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception.               Theories             Models             Speech Production                     The Serial-order issue                     Degrees of Freedom                     Context-sensitivity Problem             Theories of Speech Production                     Target Models                     Feedback and Feedforward Models                     Dynamic Systems Models                     Connectionist Models             Speech Perception                     Linearity and Segmentation                     Speaker Normalization                     Basic Unit of Perception                     Specialization of Speech Perception             Categories of Speech Perception Theories                     Active versus Passive                     Bottom-up versus Top-down                     Autonomous versus Interactive             Theories of Speech Perception                     Motor Theory                     Acoustic Invariance Theory                     Direct Realism                     TRACE Model                     Logogen Theory                     Cohort Theory                     Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception                     Native Language Magnet Theory   Glossary   Appendix               IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels   References   Index