Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 35. Chapters: Body of stomach, Cardia, Cardiac glands, Cardiac notch of stomach, Delta cell, Enterochromaffin-like cell, Enteroendocrine cell, Foveolar cell, Fundic glands, Fundus (stomach), Gastric acid, Gastric chief cell, Gastric lymph nodes, Gastric mucosa, Gastric pits, Gastrocolic reflex, Gastroduodenal artery, Greater curvature of the stomach, G cell, Hydrochloric acid, Intrinsic factor, Left gastric artery, Left gastric vein, Left gastro-omental artery, Left gastroepiploic vein, Lesser curvature of the stomach, Nerve of Latarjet, Parietal cell, Pepsin, Pyloric antrum, Pyloric canal, Pyloric glands, Pylorus, Right gastric artery, Right gastric vein, Right gastro-omental artery, Right gastroepiploic vein, Roux-en-Y anastomosis, Short gastric arteries. Excerpt: Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colourless solution of hydrogen chloride (H Cl) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid. Historically called muriatic acid, and spirits of salt, hydrochloric acid was produced from vitriol (sulfuric acid) and common salt. It first appeared during the Renaissance, and then it was used by chemists such as Glauber, Priestley and Davy in their scientific research. With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric acid are produced annually. Hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirits of salt or acidum salis (salt acid). Both names are still used, especially in non-English languages, such as German: and Dutch: . Gaseous HCl was called marine acid air. The old (pre-systematic) name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt"), and this name is still sometimes used. Aqua regia, a mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, prepared by dissolving sal ammoniac in nitric acid, was described in the works of Pseudo-Geber, the 13th-century European alchemist. Other references suggest that the first mention of aqua regia is in Byzantine manuscripts dating to the end of the thirteenth century. Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius, who prepared it by heating salt in clay crucibles. Other authors claim that pure hydrochloric acid was first discovered by the German benedictine monk Basil Valentine in the 15th century, by heating common salt and green vitriol, whereas others claim