Our goal is to provide a broad treatment of topics directly related with sustainable fish farming with a simple resource address¬ing from natural resources, wild fish populations, through fish-food human needs. Furthermore, this book focuses attention on sustainability through the lens of threats to fish health and management, up to water ecosystem dynamics as affected by human activity and rising opportunities for sustainable fish farming with finite-resource awareness. The overall theme of the book is aimed at oceanography and veterinary professionals most likely involved in fish farming and aquaculture and aware of the fragility of our relationship with the freshwater and marine ecosystems. As technological advances in sustainable and fish-raising farms evolve, there is an increasing need for permanent education for professionals working in the field and advanced university and technical students. The following readers may benefit from this resource: Students in professional oceanography training programs; Students in veterinary education programs; Organization. Sustainable Fish Farming is organized into five sections:Section 1 - Finite-Resource Awareness And Strategies To Meet Increasing Demand For Fish-Food. This section presents a relevant assessment of aquaculture “domesticated” species on local wild marine populations, environmental factors roles on diversification and adaptation of wide regions. Besides, it analyzes the challenge of increasing fish-food demand in a context of aquaculture expansion, new more responsible farming methods, and fish genetics choices. Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming: The authors present the potential hazards of Atlantic Salmon to influence the surrounding environment and wild populations, in the context of a recent assessment of the Institute of Marine Research of Norway. Further, the study explores into the risks of genetic introgression, lice infection, fish viral disease outbreaks, into the wild populations, as well as local organic loading of the ecosystems. Spatial and temporal variation in population genetic structure of wild Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) across Africa: Analyzes how the factors (climate, habitat, ecology) configuring the genetic diversity of populations can play a pivotal role in the course of diversification, speciation and adaptation. Trends during development of Scottish salmon farming: An example of sustainable intensification?: discusses strategies to meet the challenge of augmenting demand for food, highlighting strategies like aquaculture expansion, adopting farming methods, selecting genotypes better adapted to farm conditions, a shift in human diets to species from less vulnerable trophic levels and maximizing farming systems relative to resource inputs and outputs with a holistic view. Section 2 - Sustainable Fish Nutrition with Fish-Ingredient-Free Sources. The relevance of the consequence of feed production and utilization not only on the target fish species but in the whole ecosystem, is exemplified in the alternatives explored in the following research work. Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): To improve reformulation of aquaculture feeds, this research group evaluates the marine microalga, Schizochytrium sp as a substitute for fish oil in tilapia diets. Section 3 - Ecosystem Economy, Responsible Fish Farming and Vulnerabilities of Natural Resources. The following section occupies with the question whether fish farming could be a truly sustainable activity. World Aquaculture: Environmental Impacts and Troubleshooting Alternatives: Presents a review of the world aquaculture and its environmental impacts and responsible management opportunities. Pool-Type Fishways: Two Different Morpho-Ecological Cyprinid Species Facing Plunging and Streaming Flows. Studied solutions for local populations of fish to bypass dams, thus restoring connectivity of the fresh water stream. The explored solutions are species specific, and vary according to swimming ability, size, physiologic state and are poised to rescue fish resources from extinction. Does selection in a challenging environment produce Nile tilapia genotypes that can thrive in a range of production systems?: In this work the authors explore how selection for high growth rate in a challenging environment of moderate salinity renders tilapia genotypes that can perform well in freshwater systems. In determining this, they examined the effect of genotype by environment interaction for traits like sexual maturity, deformity, survival and food conversion rate. Energy Costs of Catfish Space Use as Determined by Biotelemetry: This study intended to define how fish utilized energy in the home range and core area and observed the energetic expenses of space use in a freshwater predator catfish, Silurus glanis, using physiological sensors. Encourage Sustainability by Giving Credit for Marine Protected Areas in Seafood Certification: Marine protected areas (MPAs), one of the most important implements for protecting the ocean’s ecosystems, can be effectively promoted from the sustainable fisheries and consumer markets through credits for compliance. This paper discusses how better to implement incentives for consumer driven certification of sustainability. Survival, Growth and Reproduction of Non-Native Nile Tilapia II: Fundamental Niche Projections and Invasion Potential in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.: The authors created a predictive model of Nile tilapia survival, growth, and reproduction in the Mississippi basin. Besides, they studied the niche of this species by integrating spatial – environmental data and the potential to invade other freshwater streams on the northern Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, look at how climate variability may disturb tilapia distribution. Section 4 - Fish Farming Intensification, Threats To Fish Health And Alternative Fish Health Management. In here we compiled articles stressing the importance of strengthening the fish populations’ defenses by new nonchemical approaches and exemplify with a case of a parasitic threat to extensively grown fish species. The research studies are Identification of Bacillus Strains for Biological Control of Catfish Pathogens: While indiscriminate administration of antibiotics in fish feeds has become an extended practice to fight bacterial diseases, this study fostered the utilization of probiotics (Bacillus strains) in catfish to control enteric septicemia. Geographical distribution of protozoan and metazoan parasites of farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Yucatán, México: The authors described the geographical dispersal of protozoan and helminth parasites of farmed Nile tilapia in Yucatan and analyzed the possible statistical associations between the prevalence and average abundance of these parasites with management and environmental clues. Section 5 - Ecotoxicology On Fish Habitats And Ecosystems. Populations of a cyprinid fish are self-sustaining despite widespread feminization of males: This study evaluates whether sections of river highly polluted with estrogenic effluents have compromised breeding populations of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.). To accomplish this, the authors undertook an analysis of population genetic structures of roach in the region using DNA microsatellite analysis. Increased immunoglobulin production in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to agrichemicals.: These researchers studied the kinetics of immunoglobulin secretion and whether the joint effect of water temperatures and boosting vaccination, and the presence of atrazine and glyphosate-based herbicides would have any impact on the production of antibodies to pathogenic bacteria. It is our wish that readers not only learn or deepen on principles of sustainable fish farming but moreover renew and actualize their awareness in broad concepts and new findings on fish science and water ecosystems.