A provocative new look at an important security topic examines terrorist threats and attacks on shipping and ports—and provides strategies for safety. Terror on the High Seas: From Piracy to Strategic Challenge is a provocative look at maritime security and the steps that must be taken if terrorist threats are to be nullified. From the Achille Lauro hijacking to the bombing of the USS Cole to attacks on shipping channels, terrorists have employed a variety of tactics, both successful and unsuccessful. These have included the smuggling of arms and plots to bomb shipyards, as well as attacks on Merchant Marine ships, maritime offices, fuel storage facilities, and Navy personnel, ships, and facilities, on shore and in port. This book constitutes the first research effort after the unprecedented attacks of September 11, 2001, to provide government, industry, and the academic and policy communities with a major resource on potential threats to the maritime environment. Assuming that past tactics, as well as a variety of other unconventional attacks, will be utilized by both domestic and international groups well into the 21st century, the book sagely outlines the response needed from government and industry to meet the coming challenges.

Table of Contents:
Foreword by James Arden Barnett, Jr. Foreword by Robert J. Cox Foreword by Ingar Skaug Preface Acknowledgments VOLUME 1 1 Maritime Terrorism: An Overview of Challenges and Responses Yonah Alexander A Definitional Perspective Historical and Contemporary Threats Responses: Unilateral and Multilateral Observations and Conclusions 2 Maritime Security and Terrorism: Some Interdisciplinary Perspectives (1981) History of the High Seas: Moral Defense for a Maritime Civilization Jeffrey St. John The Role of Maritime Industry in Defense of 'Free World' Nations Admiral (Ret.) Thomas H. Moore International Terrorism: Unconventional Warfare Yonah Alexander Maritime Terrorism Brian Jenkins Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning D. N. Cassidy Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning Paul Wilkinson Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning RADM Wayne E. Caldwell Offshore Terrorism: Are We Prepared? Congressman Carroll Hubbard Offshore & Maritime Pipeline Facilities Paul Wilkinson Shipping & Maritime Terminals Col. (Ret., U.S. Army) Douglas G. Macnair Maritime Security—A National Dilemma Capt. (Ret., USCGR) A. Robert Matt & Robert L. Patcha (Ret., USCGR) 3 Achille Lauro Hijacking: Case Study (1985) Selected Executive Statements On the Achille Lauro Hijacking Incident Larry M. Speakes Principle Deputy Press Secretary October 10, 1985 Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with Reporters President Ronald Reagan October 11, 1985 "On the Italian Government's Release of Palestinian Terrorist, Abu el Abbas" Larry M. Speakes Principle Deputy Press Secretary October 13, 1985 Selected Congressional Statements Mr. Arafat Owes the World Some Explanations Congressman Charles E. Schumer October 9, 1985 The Ugly Face of Terrorism Senator Mark O. Hatfield October 10, 1985 Resolution Condemning the Murder of Leon Klinghoffer Congressman Ted Weiss October 10, 1985 Striking Back Congressman Bob McEwen October 11, 1985 Condemning Egyptian Actions in the Achille Lauro Affair Congressman Harry Reid October 15, 1985 Cutting Off Aid to Egypt Congressman George Darden October 16, 1985 America's Allies Offer Scant Support of Antiterrorism Efforts Congressman Eldon Rudd October 16, 1985 Victory over Terrorism Congresswoman Barbara A. Mikulski October 17, 1985 The Killing of Leon Klinghoffer by International Terrorists aboard the Achille Lauro Senator Robert Byrd and Senator Allen K. Simpson March 27, 1986 Commemorating Achille Lauro's 10th Anniversary Senator Alfonse M. D'Amato October 26, 1995 Court Case Ilsa and Lisa Klinghoffer v. Achille Lauro, 1991 4 USS Cole Bombing: Case Study (2000) The Investigation into the Attack on the USS Cole, May 2001 Report of the House Armed Services Committee Staff Executive Summary Introduction The Genesis of the HASC Investigation The Department of Defense and Department of the Navy Investigations The Navy Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) Report U.S. Central Command and Its Area of Responsibility The U.S. Policy of Engagement Intelligence Collection Analysis Dissemination Threat Levels and Threat Conditions Vulnerability Assessments Force Protection The Navy's Antiterrorism/Force Protection Training Program Force Protection Measures and the Rules of Engagement Operational Issues Appendices Appendix A: Summary of Observations and Recommendations Appendix B: List of Briefings and Interviews Appendix C: Threat Condition (THREATCON) Measures 5 Threats and United States Responses to Maritime Challenges Border Protection and Customs Federal Law Enforcement Admiral James M. Loy Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard Before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources December 5, 2001 Port Safety Douglas M. Browning Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Customs Service Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, and Merchant Marine July 2, 2002 U.S. Customs Service's Counterterrorism Efforts at Home and Abroad Robert C. Bonner U.S. Customs Commissioner Foreign Press Center Briefing, Washington DC January 14, 2003 CBP Expands Enforcement of the 24-Hour Rule Customs and Border Protection, United States Department of Homeland Security May 1, 2003 Review of CBP Actions Taken to Intercept Suspected Terrorists at U.S. Ports of Entry Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Homeland Security June 2006 Port Security The Interim Final Regulations on Port Security Admiral Thomas H. Collins U.S. Coast Guard Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation July 22, 2003 "President Discusses Port Security" President George W. Bush Office of the Press Secretary, The White House February 21, 2006 "Testimony of Susan J. Monteverde" Vice President American Association of Port Authorities Before the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Homeland Security February 13, 2007 Container Security Container Security Capitan Anthony Regalbuto United States Coast Guard Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Marine Transportation March 13, 2002 Container Security Initiative: 2006–2011 Strategic Plan Office of Policy and Planning Office of International Affairs, Container Security Initiative Division, United States Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security August 2006 United States Government Accountability Office "Supply Chain Security" To the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Investigations, and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce January 2008 Transportation Security International Maritime Security MichaelJ. Crye President, International Council of Cruise Lines Before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, and the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources December 13, 2005 6 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the Executive Interagency Framework "Combating Terrorism: Interagency Framework and Agency Programs to Address the Overseas Threat" GAO Report May 2003 The White House "National Maritime Day Proclamations" President George W. Bush 2001–2007 Maritime Security Policy National Security Presidential Directive NSPD-41/ Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-13 December 21, 2004 The National Strategy for Maritime Security The White House September 2005 Department of Homeland Security Fact Sheet, Port Security: A Comprehensive Approach U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary June 2003 Secure Seas, Open Ports: Keeping Our Waters Safe, Secure, and Open for Business United States Department of Homeland Security June 21, 2004 DHS Announces West Coast Maritime Radiation Detection Project Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary September 5, 2007 United States Coast Guard Port and Maritime Security Strategy Admiral James M. Loy United States Coast Guard Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation December 6, 2001 Coast Guard and America's Security United States Coast Guard 2002 Before the Gathering Storm Admiral Thomas H. Collins National Defense University Distinguished Lecture Program, Washington DC October 9, 2002 A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First-Century Seapower Admiral Thad W. Allen Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security Before the House Armed Services Committee, U.S. House of Representatives December 13, 2007 Department of Transportation Port Security: A National Planning Guide United States Department of Transportation 1997 Security of U.S. Ports The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta Secretary of Transportation Before House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation December 6, 2001 The Security of Our Seaports William G. Schubert Maritime Administrator Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information February 26, 2002 Department of Defense Hearing on the President's FY 2005 Budget Request for the Department of Defense General Richard B. Myers, USAF Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Before the Committee on Armed Services May 12, 2004 A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First Century Seapower United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast Guard October 2007 Commanders Discuss AFRICOM and Maritime Partnership General William Ward and Admiral Henry Ulrich Commander, U.S. Africa Command and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe United States Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) October 15, 2007 Federal Maritime Commission Remarks by Harold J. Creel Chairman, Federal Maritime Commission 2nd International Gwangyang Port Forum Gwangyang, Korea April 25, 2002 Scanning the Horizon: Some Observations on the Changing Maritime Scene Steven R. Blust Chairman, Federal Maritime Commission At the Plimsoll Club, New Orleans, Louisiana October 27, 2006 State Department Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea Maureen O'C. Walker Acting Deputy Director, Office of Oceans Affairs U.S. Statement to the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea New York, New York May 10, 2001 International Outreach and Coordination Strategy for the National Strategy for Maritime Security United States Department of State November 2005 Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Terrorism in the Maritime Supply Chain Thomas Lehrman Director, Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Maritime Security Expo New York, New York September 20, 2006 Accession to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Ratification of the 1994 Agreement Amending Part XI of the Law of the Sea Convention John D. Negroponte Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee September 27, 2007 Federal Bureau of Investigation Homeland Security: Facilitating Trade and Securing Seaports James F. Jarobe Special Agent in Charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation Before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations August 5, 2002 Covering the Waterfront—A Review of Seaport Security since September 11, 2001 Gary M. Bald Acting Assistant Director, Counterterrorism Division Federal Bureau of Investigation Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security January 27, 2004 The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Efforts to Protect the Nation's Seaports Audit Report 06–26 Office of the Inspector General-Audit Division, United States Department of Justice March 2006 International Cooperation Q&A Session Admiral Thomas Fargo USN Commander, U.S. Pacific Command Before the House Armed Services Committee March 31, 2004 U.S. Coast Guard International Maritime Security Strategy Vice Admiral D. Brian Peterman Commander Atlantic Area, U.S. Coast Guard 6th Regional Seapower Symposium for the Navies of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Countries Venice, Italy October 10–13, 2006 VOLUME 2 7 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the Legislature Selected Congressional Research Service and Government Accountability Office Reports Maritime Security: Progress Made in Implementing Maritime Transportation Security Act, but Concerns Remain Margaret Wrightson Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues Government Accountability Office Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation May 17, 2005 Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities John F. Frittelli and Paul W. Parfomak Analysts in Transportation, Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service Report for Congress January 9, 2007 Maritime Security: The SAFE Port Act Status and Implementation One Year Later Stephen L. Caldwell Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues Government Accountability Office Before the House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism October 20, 2007 Congressional Hearings Seaport Security Hearing in Seattle Senator Patty Murray July 1, 2002 Department of Homeland Security Law Enforcement Efforts at U.S. Ports of Entry Representatives Howard Coble, North Carolina, and Robert C. Scott, Virginia Opening Statements Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security March 15, 2005 Legislation Protecting America's Ports, Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary July 2003 Presidential Statement on the Port Security Improvement Act of 2006 President George W. Bush The White House, Office of the Press Secretary September 14, 2006 8 International Perspectives: Regional and Global Regional Perspectives Southeast Asia ARF Statement on Cooperation against Piracy and Other Threats to Security Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum June 17, 2003 APEC and Maritime Security Measures Ambassador Makarim Wibisono Chairman of the APEC Counterterrorism Task Force Presented to the APEC High-Level Conference on Maritime Security Manila, Philippines September 8–9, 2003 Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia ReCAAP Agreement, Tokyo, Japan November 11, 2004 The Batam Joint Statement of the 4th Tripartite Ministerial Meeting of the Littoral States on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore Batam, Indonesia August 2, 2005 Factsheet on the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) ReCAAP Information Sharing Center November 29, 2006 Counterterrorism in Maritime Operations Philip Ruddock Attorney General, Australia Port and Maritime Security and Counterterrorism Summit 2007 Langham Hotel, Melbourne, Australia May 1, 2007 Africa Pirates Pursue American Ship U.S. Overseas Security Advisory Council, Safety & Security Sub-Saharan Africa—Somalia December 22, 2006 Coordinated Action Urged as Piracy Threatens UN Lifeline to Somalia Joint Communiqué, IMO Briefing 23 International Maritime Organization July 10, 2007 Africa Command: A Historic Opportunity for Enhanced Engagement—If Done Right Dr. J. Peter Pham Director, the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs James Madison University Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health August 2, 2007 Public Announcement East Africa Consular Affairs Bulletins U.S. Overseas Security Advisory Council August 31, 2007 South America & the Caribbean Naval Forces from Eight Countries Train to Protect Panama Canal Press Release Embassy of the United States, Panama August 10, 2004 Argentina Becomes the First South American Country to Sign Container Security Initiative Declaration of Principles U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Public Affairs May 11, 2005 Information on Port Security in the Caribbean Basin Stephen L. Caldwell Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues, General Accountability Office Government Accountability Office Report Summary June 29, 2007 Global Multilateral Perspectives European Union (EU) EU Presidency Statement—Piracy at Sea EU statement in discussion panel B: Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea, European Union at United Nations, New York City Dr. Marie Jacobsson Alternate Head of Delegation of Sweden on behalf of the European Union May 10, 2001 An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels October 10, 2007 NATO Combating Terrorism in the Mediterranean Vice Admiral Roberto Cesaretti Commander, NATO Operation Endeavour NATO Review, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Autumn 2005 Combating Terrorism at Sea NATO Active Endeavour Briefing: NATO Naval Operations, Proliferation Security Initiative, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, North Atlantic Treaty Organization June 2006 United Nations Convention on the High Seas United Nations April 29, 1958 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Overview and Full Text United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea December 10, 1982 Maritime Security, ISPS Code Implementation, Costs, and Related Financing UNCTAD Secretariat United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations March 14, 2007 International Maritime Organization Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews on Board Ships International Maritime Organization September 26, 1986 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation International Maritime Organization March 10, 1988 Focus on IMO: Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea International Maritime Organization January 2000 IMO Adopts Comprehensive Maritime Security Measures Conference of Contracting Governments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 International Maritime Organization December 9–13, 2002 IMO 2004: Focus on Maritime Security World Maritime Day 2004 Background Paper International Maritime Organization September 27, 2004 Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Waters off the Coast of Somalia International Maritime Organization Resolution A.[…] (25) (Agenda item 19(a)) Adopted on November 29, 2007 9 Private-Sector Perspectives: Industry and Trade Organizations Intercargo Direction Paper International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners January 24, 2001 Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Terrorism against Shipping, Port and Maritime Security, Guidance for the Development of Ship and Port Security Plans International Association of Ports and Harbors and International Chamber of Shipping Maritime Safety Committee, 75th Session Agenda Item 17 International Maritime Organization April 12, 2002 Port and Maritime Security International Association of Ports and Harbors IAPH Policy and Guidance Paper April 23, 2002 BIMCO's Vision and Objectives The Baltic and International Maritime Council June 17, 2004 An Introduction to the IFSMA International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations October 2004 Remarks of Christopher Koch President and CEO World Shipping Council Before the Maritime Security Expo 2006 New York City September 19, 2006 Selected Bibliography Index