For the thermodynamics course in the Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering department. This text also serves as a useful reference for anyone interested in learning more about thermodynamics. ¿ Thermodynamics: An Interactive Approach employs a layered approach that introduces the important concepts of mass, energy, and entropy early, and progressively refines them throughout the text. To create a rich learning experience for today’s thermodynamics student, this book melds traditional content with the web-based resources and learning tools of TEST: The Expert System for Thermodynamics (www.pearsonhighered.com/bhattacharjee)–an interactive platform that offers smart thermodynamic tables for property evaluation and analysis tools for mass, energy, entropy, and exergy analysis of open and closed systems. ¿ Beside the daemons–web-based calculators with a friendly graphical interface–other useful TEST modules include an animation library, rich Internet applications (RIAs), traditional charts and tables, manual and TEST solutions of hundreds of engineering problems, and examples and problems to supplement the textbook. The book is written in a way that allows instructors to decide the extent that TEST is integrated with homework or in the classroom. ¿ MasteringEngineering for Thermodynamics is a total learning package. This innovative online program emulates the instructor’s office—hour environment, guiding students through engineering concepts from Thermodynamics with self-paced individualized coaching. ¿ Teaching and Learning Experience To provide a better teaching and learning experience, for both instructors and students, this program will: Personalize Learning with Individualized Coaching: MasteringEngineering emulates the instructor’s office-hour environment using self-paced individualized coaching. Introduce Fundamental Theories Early: A layered approach introduces important concepts early, and progressively refines them in subsequent chapters to lay a foundation for true understanding. Engage Students with Interactive Content: To create a rich learning experience for today’s thermodynamics student, this book melds traditional content with web-based resources and learning tools. ¿ Note: You are purchasing the standalone text. MasteringEngineering does not come automatically packaged with the text. To purchase MasteringEngineering, search for ISBN-10: 0133807975 / ISBN-13: 9780133807974. That package contains ISBN-10: 0130351172 / ISBN-13: 9780130351173 and ISBN-10: 0133810844 / ISBN-13: 9780133810844. MasteringEngineering is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor. ¿

Table of Contents:
0. Introduction Thermodynamic System and its Interactions with the Surroundings 0.1 Thermodynamic Systems 0.2 Test and Animations 0.3 Examples of Thermodynamic Systems 0.4 Interactions Between The System and its Surroundings 0.5 Mass Interaction 0.6 Test and the Daemons 0.7 Energy, Work, and Heat 0.7.1 Heat and Heating Rate (Q, Q) 0.7.2 Work and Power (W, W#) 0.8 Work Transfer Mechanisms 0.8.1 Mechanical Work (WM, W#M) 0.8.2 Shaft Work (Wsh, W#sh) 0.1.5 Electrical Work (Wel , Wel#) 0.8.3 Boundary Work (WB, W#B) 0.8.4 Flow Work (W#F) 0.8.5 Net Work Transfer (W#, Wext) 0.8.6 Other Interactions 0.9 Closure 1. Description of a System: States And Properties 1.1 Consequences of Interactions 1.2 States 1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Thermodynamics 1.4 An Image Analogy 1.5 Properties of State 1.5.1 Property Evaluation by State Daemons 1.5.2 Properties Related to System Size (V, A, m, n, m # , V#, n # ) 1.5.3 Density and Specific Volume (r, v) 1.5.4 Velocity and Elevation (V, z) 1.5.5 Pressure (p) 1.5.6 Temperature (T) 1.5.7 Stored Energy (E, KE, PE, U, e, ke, pe, u, E#) 1.5.8 Flow Energy and Enthalpy (j, J#, h, H#) 1.5.9 Entropy (S, s) 1.5.10 Exergy (f, c) 1.6 Property Classification 1.7 Evaluation of Extended State 1.8 Closure 2. Development of Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy: Application to Closed-Steady Systems 2.1 Balance Equations 2.1.1 Mass Balance Equation 2.1.2 Energy Balance Equation 2.1.3 Entropy Balance Equation 2.1.4 Entropy and Reversibility 2.2 Closed-Steady Systems 2.3 Cycles—a Special Case of Closed-Steady Systems 2.3.1 Heat Engine 2.3.2 Refrigerator and Heat Pump 2.3.3 The Carnot Cycle 2.3.4 The Kelvin Temperature Scale 2.4 Closure 3. Evaluation of Properties: Material Models 3.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and States 3.1.1 Equilibrium and LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) 3.1.2 The State Postulate 3.1.3 Differential Thermodynamic Relations 3.2 Material Models 3.2.1 State Daemons and TEST-Codes 3.3 The SL (Solid>Liquid) Model 3.3.1 SL Model Assumptions 3.3.2 Equations of State 3.3.3 Model Summary: SL Model 3.4 The PC (Phase-Change) Model 3.4.1 A New Pair of Properties—Qualities x and y 3.4.2 Numerical Simulation 3.4.3 Property Diagrams 3.4.4 Extending the Diagrams: The Solid Phase 3.4.5 Thermodynamic Property Tables 3.4.6 Evaluation of Phase Composition 3.4.7 Properties of Saturated Mixture 3.4.8 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid 3.4.9 Supercritical Vapor or Liquid 3.4.10 Sublimation States 3.4.11 Model Summary—PC Model 3.5 GAS MODELS 3.5.1 The IG (Ideal Gas) and PG (Perfect Gas) Models 3.5.2 IG and PG Model Assumptions 3.5.3 Equations of State 3.5.4 Model Summary: PG and IG Models 3.5.5 The RG (Real Gas) Model 3.5.6 RG Model Assumptions 3.5.7 Compressibility Charts 3.5.8 Other Equations of State 3.5.9 Model Summary: RG Model 3.6 Mixture Models 3.6.1 Vacuum 3.7 Standard Reference State and Reference Values 3.8 Selection of a Model 3.9 Closure 4. Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Open-Steady Systems 4.1 Governing Equations and Device Efficiencies 4.1.1 TEST and the Open-Steady Daemons 4.1.2 Energetic Efficiency 4.1.3 Internally Reversible System 4.1.4 Isentropic Efficiency 4.2 Comprehensive Analysis 4.2.1 Pipes, Ducts, or Tubes 4.2.2 Nozzles and Diffusers 4.2.3 Turbines 4.2.4 Compressors, Fans, and Pumps 4.2.5 Throttling Valves 4.2.6 Heat Exchangers 4.2.7 TEST and the Multi-Flow Non-Mixing Daemons 4.2.8 Mixing Chambers and Separators 4.2.9 TEST and the Multi-Flow Mixing Daemons 4.3 Closure 5. Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Unsteady Systems 5.1 Unsteady Processes 5.1.1 Closed Processes 5.1.2 TEST and the Closed-Process Daemons 5.1.3 Energetic Efficiency and Reversibility 5.1.4 Uniform Closed Processes 5.1.5 Non-Uniform Systems 5.1.6 TEST and the Non-Uniform Closed-Process Daemons 5.1.7 Open Processes 5.1.8 TEST and Open-Process Daemons 5.2 Transient Analysis 5.2.1 Closed Transient Systems 5.2.2 Isolated Systems 5.2.3 Mechanical Systems 5.2.4 Open Transient Systems 5.3 Differential Processes 5.4 Thermodynamic Cycle as a Closed Process 5.4.1 Origin of Internal Energy 5.4.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy 5.5 Closure 6. Exergy Balance Equation: Application to Steady and Unsteady Systems 6.1 Exergy Balance Equation 6.1.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility 6.1.2 TEST Daemons for Exergy Analysis 6.2 Closed-Steady Systems 6.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Cycles 6.3 Open-Steady Systems 6.4 Closed Processes 6.5 Open Processes 6.6 Closure 7. Reciprocating Closed Power Cycles 7.1 The Closed Carnot Heat Engine 7.1.1 Significance of the Carnot Engine 7.2 IC Engine Terminology 7.3 Air-Standard Cycles 7.3.1 TEST and the Reciprocating Cycle Daemons 7.4 Otto Cycle 7.4.1 Cycle Analysis 7.4.2 Qualitative Performance Predictions 7.4.3 Fuel Consideration 7.5 Diesel Cycle 7.5.1 Cycle Analysis 7.5.2 Fuel Consideration 7.6 Dual Cycle 7.7 Atkinson and Miller Cycles 7.8 Stirling Cycle 7.9 Two-Stroke Cycle 7.10 Fuels 7.11 Closure 8. Open Gas Power Cycle 8.1 The Gas Turbine 8.2 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 8.2.1 TEST and the Open Gas Power-Cycle Daemons 8.2.2 Fuel Consideration 8.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions 8.2.4 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle 8.2.5 Exergy Accounting of Brayton Cycle 8.3 Gas Turbine With Regeneration 8.4 Gas Turbine With Reheat 8.5 Gas Turbine With Intercooling and Reheat 8.6 Regenerative Gas Turbine With Reheat and Intercooling 8.7 Gas Turbines For Jet Propulsion 8.7.1 The Momentum Balance Equation 8.7.2 Jet Engine Performance 8.7.3 Air-Standard Cycle for Turbojet Analysis 8.8 Other Forms of Jet Propulsion 8.9 Closure 9. Open Vapor Power Cycles 9.1 The Steam Power Plant 9.2 The Rankine Cycle 9.2.1 Carbon Footprint 9.2.2 TEST and the Open Vapor Power Cycle Daemons 9.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions 9.2.4 Parametric Study of the Rankine Cycle 9.2.5 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle 9.2.6 Exergy Accounting of Rankine Cycle 9.3 Modification of Rankine Cycle 9.3.1 Reheat Rankine Cycle 9.3.2 Regenerative Rankine Cycle 9.4 Cogeneration 9.5 Binary Vapor Cycle 9.6 Combined Cycle 9.7 Closure 10. Refrigeration Cycles 10.1 Refrigerators and Heat Pump 10.2 Test and the Refrigeration Cycle Daemons 10.3 Vapor-Refrigeration Cycles 10.3.1 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle 10.3.2 Vapor Compression Cycle 10.3.3 Analysis of an Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 10.3.4 Qualitative Performance Predictions 10.3.5 Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle 10.3.6 Components of a Vapor-Compression Plant 10.3.7 Exergy Accounting of Vapor Compression Cycle 10.3.8 Refrigerant Selection 10.3.9 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 10.3.10 Multistage Refrigeration with Flash Chamber 10.4 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 10.5 Gas Refrigeration Cycles 10.5.1 Reversed Brayton Cycle 10.5.2 Linde-Hampson Cycle 10.6 Heat Pump Systems 10.7 Closure 11. Evaluation of Properties: Thermodynamic Relations 11.1 Thermodynamic Relations 11.1.1 The Tds Relations 11.1.2 Partial Differential Relations 11.1.3 The Maxwell Relations 11.1.4 The Clapeyron Equation 11.1.5 The Clapeyron-Clausius Equation 11.2 Evaluation of Properties 11.2.1 Internal Energy 11.2.2 Enthalpy 11.2.3 Entropy 11.2.4 Volume Expansivity and Compressibility 11.2.5 Specific Heats 11.2.6 Joule-Thompson Coefficient 11.3 The Real Gas (RG) Model 11.4 Mixture Models 11.4.1 Mixture Composition 11.4.2 Mixture Daemons 11.4.3 PG and IG Mixture Models 11.4.4 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Equations for IG-Mixtures 11.4.5 Real Gas Mixture Model 11.5 Closure 12. Psychrometry 12.1 The Moist Air Model 12.1.1 Model Assumptions 12.1.2 Saturation Processes 12.1.3 Absolute and Relative Humidity 12.1.4 Dry- and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 12.1.5 Moist Air (MA) Daemons 12.1.6 More properties of Moist Air 12.2 Mass And Energy Balance Equations 12.2.1 Open-Steady Device 12.2.2 Closed Process 12.3 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperature 12.4 Psychrometric Chart 12.5 Air-Conditioning Processes 12.5.1 Simple Heating or Cooling 12.5.2 Heating with Humidification 12.5.3 Cooling with Dehumidification 12.5.4 Evaporative Cooling 12.5.5 Adiabatic Mixing 12.5.6 Wet Cooling Tower 12.6 Closure 13. Combustion 13.1 Combustion Reaction 13.1.1 Combustion Daemons 13.1.2 Fuels 13.1.3 Air 13.1.4 Combustion Products 13.2 System Analysis 13.3 Open-Steady Device 13.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation 13.3.2 Energy Analysis 13.3.3 Entropy Analysis 13.3.4 Exergy Analysis 13.3.5 Isothermal Combustion—Fuel Cells 13.3.6 Adiabatic Combustion—Power Plants 13.4 Closed Process 13.5 Combustion Efficiencies 13.6 Closure 14. Equilibrium 14.1 Criteria for Equilibrium 14.2 Equilibrium of Gas Mixtures 14.3 Phase Equilibrium 14.3.1 Osmotic Pressure and Desalination 14.4 Chemical Equilibrium 14.4.1 Equilibrium Daemons 14.4.2 Equilibrium Composition 14.5 Closure 15. Gas Dynamics 15.1 One-Dimensional Flow 15.1.1 Static, Stagnation and Total Properties 15.1.2 The Gas Dynamics Daemon 15.2 Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas 15.3 Mach Number 15.4 Shape of an Isentropic Duct 15.5 Isentropic Table for Perfect Gases 15.6 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging Nozzle 15.7 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging-Diverging Nozzle 15.7.1 Normal Shock 15.7.2 Normal Shock in a Nozzle 15.8 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients 15.9 Closure Appendices Glossary Index