UMTS Network Planning, Optimization, and Inter-Operation with GSM is an accessible, one-stop reference to help engineers effectively reduce the time and costs involved in UMTS deployment and optimization. Rahnema includes detailed coverage from both a theoretical and practical perspective on the planning and optimization aspects of UMTS, and a number of other new techniques to help operators get the most out of their networks. - Provides an end-to-end perspective, from network design to optimization
- Incorporates the hands-on experiences of numerous researchers
- Single authorship allows for strong coherency and accessibility
- Details the complete iteration cycle of radio link budgeting for coverage planning and dimensioning
Rahnema demonstrates detailed formulation of radio capacity and coverage in UMTS, and discusses the tradeoffs involved. He presents complete link budgeting and iterative simulations for capacity and coverage planning, along with practical guidelines. UMTS Network Planning contains seventeen cohesive and well-organized chapters which cover numerous topics, including:
- Radio channel structures, radio channel models, parameters, model tuning
- Techniques for capacity and coverage enhancements
- Complete treatment of power control, handoffs and radio resource practical management processes and parameters
- Detailed coverage of TCP protocol enhancement for operation over wireless links, particularly UMTS
- Application of GSM measurements to plan and re-engineer for UMTS radio sites
- Guidelines for site co-location with GSM, the QOS classes, parameters and inter-workings in UMTS
- AMR voice codecs and tradeoffs, core and access network design, architectural evolution, and protocols
- Comprehensive discussion and presentation of practical techniques for radio performance analysis, trending, and troubleshooting
Perfect for professionals in the field and researchers specializing in network enhancement. Engineers working on other air interfaces and next generation technologies will find many of the techniques introduced helpful in designing and deploying future wireless networks as well. Students and professionals new to the wireless field will also find this book to be a good foundation in network planning, performance analysis, and optimization.
Table of Contents:
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of 3G Standards and WCDMA Releases 1
1.2 3G Challenges 3
1.3 Future Trends 5
2 UMTS System and Air Interface Architecture 7
2.1 Network Architecture 8
2.1.1 The Access Stratum 8
2.1.2 The Non-Access Stratum and Core Network 9
2.1.3 UTRAN Architecture 9
2.1.4 Synchronization in the UTRAN 10
2.1.5 UE Power Classes 11
2.2 The Air Interface Modes of Operation 11
2.3 Spectrum Allocations 12
2.4 WCDMA and the Spreading Concept 12
2.4.1 Processing Gain and Impact on C/I Requirement 13
2.4.2 Resistivity to Narrowband Interference 14
2.4.3 Rake Reception of Multipath Signals and the Efficiency 15
2.4.4 Variable Spreading and Multi-Code Operation 16
2.5 Cell Isolation Mechanism and Scrambling Codes 17
2.6 Power Control Necessity 17
2.7 Soft/Softer Handovers and the Benefits 18
2.8 Framing and Modulation 19
2.9 Channel Definitions 19
2.9.1 Physical Channels 20
2.9.2 Frame Timing Relationships 28
2.9.3 Transport Channels 29
2.9.4 Channel Mappings 30
2.9.5 Logical Channels 30
2.10 The Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 31
2.10.1 The RLC Sub-layer 33
2.10.2 The MAC Protocol Functions 34
2.10.3 RRC and Channel State Transitions 34
2.10.4 Packet Data Convergence Sub-layer (PDCP) 36
2.10.5 The Broadcast Multicast Control (BMC) Protocol 37
2.11 The Important Physical Layer Measurements 37
2.11.1 UE Link Performance Related Measurements 37
2.11.2 UTRAN Link Performance Related Measurements 38
References 40
3 Multipath and Path Loss Modeling 41
3.1 Multipath Reception 42
3.1.1 Delay Spread 42
3.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 43
3.1.3 Doppler Effect 45
3.1.4 Small-scale Multipath Effects 45
3.1.5 Channel Coherence Time 46
3.2 3GPP Multipath Channel Models 48
3.3 ITU Multipath Channel Models 49
3.4 Large-Scale Distance Effects 51
3.4.1 Lognormal Fading 51
3.4.2 Path Loss Models 52
3.4.3 Model Tuning and Generalized Propagation Models 59
3.5 Far-Reach Propagation Through Ducting 62
References 63
4 Formulation and Analysis of the Coverage-capacity and Multi-user Interference Parameters in UMTS 65
4.1 The Multi-user Interference 65
4.2 Interference Representation 67
4.2.1 Noise Rise 67
4.2.2 Load Factor 67
4.2.3 Geometric Factor 68
4.2.4 The f Factor 68
4.3 Dynamics of the Uplink Capacity 68
4.4 Downlink Power-capacity Interaction 71
4.4.1 The General Power-capacity Formula on Downlink 71
4.4.2 Downlink Effective Load Factor and Pole Capacity 73
4.4.3 Single Service Case and Generalization to Multi-service Classes 74
4.4.4 Implications of Downlink Power-capacity Analysis 75
4.5 Capacity Improvement Techniques 76
4.6 Remarks in Conclusion 77
References 78
5 Radio Site Planning, Dimensioning, and Optimization 81
5.1 Radio Site Locating 82
5.2 Site Engineering 83
5.2.1 Pilot and Common Channel Power Settings 83
5.2.2 Pilot Coverage Verification 85
5.2.3 RACH Coverage Planning 86
5.2.4 Site Sectorisation 87
5.2.5 Controlling Site Overlap and Interference 87
5.3 Link Budgeting for Dimensioning 89
5.3.1 Uplink Link Budgeting and Static Analysis 90
5.3.2 Downlink Load and Transmit Power Checking 99
5.3.3 Downlink Link Budgeting for the Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) 100
5.3.4 HS-PDSCH Link Budget Analysis 101
5.3.5 Setting Interference Parameters 102
5.4 Simulation-based Detailed Planning 104
5.4.1 Uplink Simulation Iterations 105
5.4.2 Downlink Simulation Iterations 106
5.4.3 Area Coverage Probabilities 110
5.5 Primary CPICH Coverage Analysis 111
5.6 Primary and Secondary CCPCH Coverage Analysis 111
5.7 Uplink DCH Coverage Analysis 112
5.8 Pre-launch Optimization 113
5.9 Defining the Service Strategy 113
5.10 Defining Service Requirements and Traffic Modeling 113
5.11 Scrambling Codes and Planning Requirements 115
5.12 Inter-operator Interference Protection Measures 116
5.12.1 The Characterizing Parameters 116
5.12.2 Effects on Downlink and Uplink 118
5.12.3 The Avoidance Measures 118
References 119
6 The Layered and Multi-carrier Radio Access Design 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Service Interaction Analysis 122
6.3 Layered Cell Architectures 126
6.3.1 Carrier Sharing 126
6.3.2 Multi-carrier Design 127
References 128
7 Utilization of GSM Measurements for UMTS Site Overlay 129
7.1 Introductory Considerations 129
7.2 Using GSM Measurements to Characterize Path Losses in UMTS 130
7.2.1 Local Cumulative Path Loss Distribution 132
7.2.2 Model Tuning 132
7.3 Neighbor-Cell Overlap and Soft Handover Overhead Measurement 132
7.4 Interference and Pilot Pollution Detection 134
References 135
8 Power Control and Handover Procedures and Optimization 137
8.1 Power Control 137
8.1.1 Open Loop Power Control 138
8.1.2 Fast Closed Loop Power Control (Inner-loop PC) 139
8.1.3 Outer-Loop Power Control 142
8.1.4 Power Control Optimization 145
8.2 Handover Procedures and Control 145
8.2.1 Neighbor Cell Search and Measurement Reporting 146
8.2.2 Hard Handover 148
8.2.3 Soft (and Softer) Handovers 149
References 157
9 Radio Resource and Performance Management 159
9.1 Admission Control 160
9.1.1 Processing Admission Control 160
9.1.2 Radio Admission Control 160
9.2 Congestion/Load Control 164
9.2.1 Congestion Detection Mechanisms 165
9.2.2 Congestion Resolving Actions 165
9.3 Channel Switching and Bearer Reconfiguration 166
9.4 Code Resource Allocation 168
9.4.1 Code Allocation on the Uplink 169
9.4.2 Code Allocation on the Downlink 169
9.5 Packet Scheduling 170
9.5.1 Time Scheduling 170
9.5.2 Code Division Scheduling 171
9.5.3 Scheduling on the HS-DSCH Channel 171
9.5.4 Integration with Load Control 173
References 173
10 Means to Enhance Radio Coverage and Capacity 175
10.1 Coverage Improvement and the Impact 176
10.2 Capacity Improvement and the Impact 176
10.3 HSDPA Deployment 177
10.4 Transmitter Diversity 177
10.4.1 Transmit Diversity Benefits and Gains 178
10.4.2 Mobile Terminal Requirements 178
10.5 Mast Head Amplifiers 179
10.5.1 MHA Benefit on System Coverage 180
10.5.2 MHA Impact on System Capacity 181
10.6 Remote Radio Heads (RRH) 181
10.6.1 RRH Benefits 181
10.7 Higher Order Receiver Diversity 182
10.7.1 Operation and Observed Benefits 182
10.7.2 Impact to Downlink Capacity 183
10.7.3 Diversity Reception at Mobile Terminal 184
10.8 Fixed Beam and Adaptive Beam Forming 184
10.8.1 Implementation Considerations and Issues 184
10.8.2 Gains of Beam Forming 185
10.9 Repeaters 185
10.9.1 Operating Characteristics 186
10.9.2 Repeater Isolation Requirements 187
10.9.3 Repeater Coverage and Capacity Evaluation 187
10.9.4 Impact on System Capacity 187
10.10 Additional Scrambling Codes 188
10.11 Self-Organizing Networks 188
References 189
11 Co-planning and Inter-operation with GSM 191
11.1 GSM Co-location Guidelines 191
11.1.1 The Isolation Requirements 191
11.1.2 Isolation Mechanisms 192
11.1.3 Inter-modulation Problems and Counter-measures 193
11.1.4 Antenna Configuration Scenarios 195
11.2 Ambient Noise Considerations 201
11.3 Inter-operation with GSM 201
11.3.1 Handover between the Operator’s GSM and UMTS Networks 202
11.3.2 Handover with other UMTS Operators 203
References 203
12 AMR Speech Codecs: Operation and Performance 205
12.1 AMR Speech Codec Characteristics and Modes 205
12.2 AMR Implementation Strategies 207
12.2.1 AMR Network Based Adaptation 207
12.2.2 AMR Source Controlled Rate Adaptation 208
12.3 Tradeoffs between AMR Source Rate and System Capacity in WCDMA 209
12.4 AMR Performance under Clean Speech Conditions 210
12.5 AMR Performance under Background Noise and Error Conditions 210
12.6 Codec Mode Parameters 211
12.6.1 Compression Handover Threshold 211
12.6.2 AMR Adaptation Parameters 211
12.7 The AMR-Wideband (WB) 212
12.8 AMR Bearer QoS Requirements 212
References 213
13 The Terrestrial Radio Access Network Design 215
13.1 RNC Planning and Dimensioning 215
13.2 Node Interconnect Transmission 216
13.2.1 Node B to RNC 216
13.2.2 RNC to Core Network Nodes 221
13.3 Link Dimensioning 223
13.3.1 Protocol Overhead 223
13.3.2 Dimensioning of Node B–RNC Link (Iub) 224
13.3.3 RNC–MSC Link Dimensioning 226
13.3.4 RNC to SGSN Link Dimensioning 227
13.3.5 SGSN to RNC Link Dimensioning 227
References 230
14 The Core Network Technologies, Design, and Dimensioning 231
14.1 The Core Network Function 231
14.2 The IP Core Network Architecture 232
14.2.1 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 233
14.2.2 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 234
14.2.3 The HLR 235
14.2.4 The Core Network Protocol Architecture in GPRS 235
14.2.5 SS7 Over IP Transport Option (SS7oIP) 237
14.3 Mobility Management in GPRS 237
14.3.1 Location and Routing Area Concepts 238
14.3.2 User States in Mobility Management 238
14.3.3 MS Modes of Operation 239
14.4 IP Address Allocation 239
14.5 Core Network in WCDMA 240
14.6 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 240
14.7 Roaming in Mobile Networks 241
14.7.1 Mobility Handling Mechanisms in Roaming 242
14.8 Soft Switching 242
14.8.1 Benefits of Soft Switching 243
14.8.2 Transition to Soft Switching 244
14.9 Core Network Design and Dimensioning 245
14.9.1 Traffic Model 245
14.9.2 The No Traffic Information Scenario 246
14.9.3 Dimensioning of SGSN, GGSN, and the Interfaces 247
14.9.4 Active PDP Contexts and Impact of Call Mix on Dimensioning 247
14.9.5 Signaling Traffic and Link Dimensioning Guidelines 248
14.9.6 Protocol Overheads 250
14.10 Core Network Transport Technologies 250
14.10.1 Dedicated Private Lines 251
14.10.2 ATM Virtual Circuits 252
14.10.3 Frame Relay 253
14.10.4 IP Transport 254
14.10.5 Transport Technology Selection for Core Network 255
References 256
15 UMTS QoS Classes, Parameters, and Inter-workings 257
15.1 The QoS Concept and its Importance 257
15.2 QoS Fundamental Concepts 258
15.3 QoS Monitoring Process 259
15.4 QoS Categories in UMTS 260
15.4.1 Conversational Traffic 261
15.4.2 Streaming Traffic 261
15.4.3 Interactive Traffic 262
15.4.4 Background Traffic 262
15.5 Instant Messaging 262
15.6 UMTS Bearer Service Attributes 262
15.6.1 Ranges of UMTS Bearer Service Attributes 263
15.6.2 Ranges of Radio Access Bearer Service Attributes 264
15.7 UMTS QoS Mechanisms 264
15.8 UMTS QoS Signaling 265
15.9 UMTS–Internet QoS Inter-working/Mapping 267
15.10 End-to-End QoS Delay Analysis 267
15.11 ATM QoS Classes 268
15.12 More on QoS Mechanisms in IP Networks 269
15.13 IP Precedence to ATM Class of Service Mapping 270
15.14 Web Traffic Classification for QoS 271
15.15 QoS Levels of Agreement 271
References 271
16 The TCP Protocols, Issues, and Performance Tuning over Wireless Links 273
16.1 The TCP Fundamentals 274
16.1.1 TCP Connection Set Up and Termination 275
16.1.2 Congestion and Flow Control 275
16.1.3 TCP RTO Estimation 277
16.1.4 Bandwidth-Delay Product 278
16.2 TCP Enhanced Lost Recovery Options 279
16.2.1 Fast Retransmit 279
16.2.2 Fast Recovery 279
16.2.3 Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) 280
16.2.4 The Timestamp Option 280
16.3 TCP Variations as used on Fixed Networks 280
16.3.1 TCP Tahoe 280
16.3.2 TCP Reno 280
16.3.3 TCP New Reno 281
16.3.4 TCP SACK 281
16.4 Characteristics of Wireless Networks and Particularly 3G 281
16.4.1 BLER, Delays, and Delay Variations 281
16.4.2 Delay Spikes 282
16.4.3 Dynamic Variable Bit Rate 282
16.4.4 Asymmetry 283
16.5 TCP Solutions Proposed for Wireless Networks 283
16.5.1 Link Layer Solutions 283
16.5.2 TCP Parameter Tuning 288
16.5.3 Selecting the Proper TCP Options 290
16.5.4 Conventional TCP Implementation Options 292
16.5.5 Split TCP Solutions 292
16.5.6 Indirect TCP (I-TCP) 293
16.5.7 Mobile TCP Protocol 293
16.5.8 Mobile-End Transport Protocol 293
16.5.9 The Proxy Solutions 293
16.5.10 TCP End-to-End Solutions 294
16.6 Application Level Optimization 295
References 296
17 RAN Performance Root Cause Analysis and Trending Techniques for Effective Troubleshooting and Optimization 299
17.1 RAN KPIs 299
17.2 Measurement Guidelines 300
17.2.1 Live Network Traffic 300
17.2.2 Drive Testing 301
17.3 Correlation Based Root Cause Analysis 303
17.3.1 Correlative Analysis Based on a priori Knowledge 303
17.3.2 Correlation Analysis Based on Data Clustering 306
17.4 Applications to Network Troubleshooting and Performance Optimization 309
17.4.1 Formation of Vector PIs 309
17.4.2 Data Scaling 310
17.4.3 Clustering of Performance Data (Building Performance Spectrum) 310
17.4.4 Clustering Cells into Behavioral Classes 311
Appendix 312
References 313
Abbreviations 315
Index 323
