Provides a comprehensive overview of wireless computing in medicine, with technological, medical, and legal advances This book brings together the latest work of leading scientists in the disciplines of Computing, Medicine, and Law, in the field of Wireless Health. The book is organized into three main sections. The first section discusses the use of distributed computing in medicine. It concentrates on methods for treating chronic diseases and cognitive disabilities like Alzheimer’s, Autism, etc.  It also discusses how to improve portability and accuracy of monitoring instruments and reduce the redundancy of data. It emphasizes the privacy and security of using such devices. The role of mobile sensing, wireless power and Markov decision process in distributed computing is also examined. The second section covers nanomedicine and discusses how the drug delivery strategies for chronic diseases can be efficiently improved by Nanotechnology enabled materials and devices such as MENs and Nanorobots. The authors will also explain how to use DNA computation in medicine, model brain disorders and detect bio-markers using nanotechnology. The third section will focus on the legal and privacy issues, and how to implement these technologies in a way that is a safe and ethical. Defines the technologies of distributed wireless health, from software that runs cloud computing data centers, to the technologies that allow new sensors to work Explains the applications of nanotechnologies to prevent, diagnose and cure disease Includes case studies on how the technologies covered in the book are being implemented in the medical field, through both the creation of new medical applications and their integration into current systems Discusses pervasive computing’s organizational benefits to hospitals and health care organizations, and their ethical and legal challenges Wireless Computing in Medicine: From Nano to Cloud with Its Ethical and Legal Implications is written as a reference for computer engineers working in wireless computing, as well as medical and legal professionals. The book will also serve students in the fields of advanced computing, nanomedicine, health informatics, and technology law.

Table of Contents:
Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Preface xix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction to Wireless Computing in Medicine 3 Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, and Pujal Trivedi 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 Definition of Terms, 5 1.3 Brief History of Wireless Healthcare, 5 1.4 What is Wireless Computing? 6 1.5 Distributed Computing, 7 1.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine, 10 1.7 Ethics of Medical Wireless Computing, 12 1.8 Privacy in Wireless Computing, 13 1.9 Conclusion, 14 References, 14 2 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17 T. Soren Craig, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Nikila Goli, Arushi Gupta, Shiva Navab, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, and Ben Shiroma 2.1 Introduction, 17 2.2 Nanocomputing, 18 2.3 Cloud Computing, 30 2.4 Conclusion, 37 Acknowledgment, 37 References, 37 PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 41 3 Pervasive Computing in Hospitals 43 Janet Meiling Wang-Roveda, Linda Powers, and Kui Ren 3.1 Introduction, 43 3.2 Architecture of Pervasive Computing in Hospitals, 45 3.3 Sensors, Devices, Instruments, and Embedded Systems, 49 3.4 Data Acquisition in Pervasive Computing, 59 3.5 Software Support for Context-Aware and Activity Sharing Services, 63 3.6 Data and Information Security, 66 3.7 Conclusion, 71 Acknowledgment, 71 References, 72 4 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79 Xiaojun Xian 4.1 Introduction, 79 4.2 System Design, 81 4.3 Body Sensor Network, 82 4.4 Portable Sensors, 84 4.5 Wearable Sensors, 88 4.6 Implantable Sensors, 94 4.7 Wireless Communication, 95 4.8 Mobile Base Unit, 97 4.9 Conclusion and Challenges, 98 Acknowledgment, 99 References, 99 5 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior with Mobile Phones 107 Luis A. Castro, Jessica Beltran-Marquez, Jesus Favela, Edgar Chavez, Moises Perez, Marcela Rodriguez, Rene Navarro, and Eduardo Quintana 5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 107 5.2 The InCense Sensing Toolkit, 110 5.3 Sensing Campaign 1: Detecting Behaviors Associated with the Frailty Syndrome Among Older Adults, 119 5.4 Sensing Campaign 2: Detecting Problematic Behaviors among Elders with Dementia, 123 5.5 Discussion, 131 5.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 132 References, 133 6 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities 137 Monica Tentori, José Mercado, Franceli L. Cibrian, and Lizbeth Escobedo 6.1 Introduction, 137 6.2 Wearable and Mobile Sensing Platforms to Ease the Recording of Data Relevant to Clinical Case Assessment, 144 6.3 Augmented Reality and Mobile and Tangible Computing to Support Cognition, 151 6.4 Serious Games and Exergames to Support Motor Impairments, 158 6.5 Conclusions, 168 Acknowledgments, 172 References, 172 7 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187 Nikita Ahuja, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Zhuochen Ge, Renjun Liu, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Shu Han Wu, and Kai Xie 7.1 Introduction, 187 7.2 History of Wireless Power, 189 7.3 Approach of Wireless Power Transmission, 191 7.4 A Detailed Example of Magnetic Coupling Resonance, 194 7.5 Popular Standards, 199 7.6 Wireless Power Transmission in Medical use, 201 7.7 Conclusion, 204 Acknowledgments, 205 References, 205 8 Energy-Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks 211 Daphney-Stavroula Zois, Sangwon Lee, Murali Annavaram, and Urbashi Mitra 8.1 Introduction, 211 8.2 Knowme Platform, 215 8.3 Energy Impact of Design Choices, 217 8.4 Problem Formulation, 228 8.5 Sensor Selection Strategies, 232 8.6 Alternative Problem Formulation, 237 8.7 Sensor Selection Strategies for the Alternative Formulation, 241 8.8 Experiments, 244 8.9 Related Work, 254 8.10 Conclusion, 256 Acknowledgments, 257 References, 257 9 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control of Distributed Body Sensor Networks 263 Shuping Liu, Anand Panangadan, Ashit Talukder, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra 9.1 Introduction, 263 9.2 Rationale for MDP Formulation, 265 9.3 Related Work, 268 9.4 Problem Statement, Assumptions, and Approach, 269 9.5 MDP Model for Multiple Sensor Nodes, 272 9.6 Communication, 274 9.7 Simulation Results, 276 9.8 Conclusions, 292 Acknowledgment, 294 References, 294 PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 297 10 An Introduction to Nanomedicine 299 Amber Bhargava, Janet Cheung, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Wan Lee, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Yesha Shah, and Abhishek Uppal 10.1 Introduction, 299 10.2 Nanomedical Technology, 301 10.3 Detection, 303 10.4 Treatment, 305 10.5 Biocompatibility, 309 10.6 Power, 311 10.7 Computer Modeling, 313 10.8 Research Institutions, 315 10.9 Conclusion, 317 Acknowledgments, 317 References, 317 11 Nanomedicine Using Magneto-Electric Nanoparticles 323 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, Umang Sharma, Rakesh Guduru, and Sakhrat Khizroev 11.1 Introduction, 323 11.2 Overview of MENs, 324 11.3 Experiment 1: Externally Controlled On-Demand Release of Anti-HIV Drug Azttp Using Mens as Carriers, 325 11.4 Experiment 2: Mens to Enable Field-Controlled High-Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate Ovarian Cancer Cells, 331 11.5 Experiment 3: Magnetoelectric “Spin” on Stimulating the Brain, 339 11.6 Bioceramics: Bone Regeneration and MNS, 348 11.7 Conclusion, 351 References, 353 12 DNA Computation in Medicine 359 Noam Mamet and Ido Bachelet 12.1 Background for the Non-Biologist, 359 12.2 Introduction, 362 12.3 In Vitro Computing, 364 12.4 Computation in Vivo, 370 12.5 Challenges, 373 12.6 Glimpse into the Future, 373 References, 374 13 Graphene-Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic Biomarkers of Disease: Implication in Translational Medicine 377 Farid Menaa, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Adnane Abdelghani, and Bouzid Menaa 13.1 Introduction, 377 13.2 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Graphene and Main Derivatives, 379 13.3 Graphene and Derivatives-Based Biosensing Nanosystems and Applications, 382 13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389 Conflict of Interest, 390 Abbreviations, 390 References, 391 14 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401 Alice C. Parker, Saeid Barzegarjalali, Kun Yue, Rebecca Lee, and Sukanya Patil 14.1 Introduction, 401 14.2 The BioRC Project, 402 14.3 Background: BioRC Neural Circuits, 404 14.4 Modeling Synapses with CNT Transistors, 408 14.5 Modeling OCD with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 410 14.6 The Biological Cortical Neuron and Hybrid Electronic Cortical Neuron, 411 14.7 Biological OCD Circuit and Biomimetic Model, 412 14.8 Indirect Pathway: The Braking Mechanism, 413 14.9 Direct Pathway: The Accelerator, 414 14.10 Typical and Atypical Responses, 415 14.11 Modeling Schizophrenic Hallucinations with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 416 14.12 Explanation for Schizophrenia Symptoms, 416 14.13 Disinhibition due to Miswiring, 418 14.14 Our Hybrid Neuromorphic Prediction Network, 418 14.15 Simulation Results, 419 14.16 Numerical Analysis of False Firing, 421 14.17 Modeling PD with CMOS Circuits, 422 14.18 Modeling MS with CMOS Circuits, 424 14.19 Demyelination Circuit, 425 14.20 Conclusions and Future Trends, 426 References, 428 15 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431 Sylvain Martel 15.1 Introduction, 431 15.2 Complementary Functionalities, 432 15.3 Main Specifications for such Nanorobotic Agents (Nanorobots), 433 15.4 Medical Nanorobotic Agents—An Example, 436 15.5 Nanorobotic Communication Links Allowing Pervasive Computing, 438 15.6 Types of Information, 439 15.7 Medical Nanorobotic Agents for Monitoring and Early Detection, 440 15.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main Conditions that must be met for its Feasibility, 442 15.9 Conclusion, 443 References, 444 16 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of the Nanomedical Paradigm 447 José J. López and Mathieu Noury 16.1 Introduction, 447 16.2 Nanomedicine’s Promises, 448 16.3 Analysing Implications of the Nanomedicine Paradigm, 451 16.4 The Molecular Underpinnings of Nanomedicine’s Transversality, 456 16.5 Nanomedicine as Predictive Medicine, 457 16.6 Nanomedicine as Personalized Medicine, 460 16.7 Nanomedicine as Regenerative Medicine, 465 16.8 Conclusion, 466 References, 468 PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 473 17 Ethical Challenges of Ubiquitous Health Care 475 William Sims Bainbridge 17.1 Introduction, 475 17.2 A Philosophical Framework, 478 17.3 Information Deviance, 480 17.4 The Current Frenzy, 482 17.5 Genetic Informatics, 485 17.6 Ubiquitous Information Technology, 489 17.7 Stasis versus Progress, 492 17.8 Problematic Ethics, 494 17.9 Leadership in Science and Engineering Ethics, 496 17.10 Conclusion, 498 References, 499 18 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507 Clark A. Miller, Heather M. Ross, Gaymon Bennett, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut 18.1 Introduction, 507 18.2 Ubiquitous Computing and the Transformation of Health Care: Three Visions, 511 18.3 Case Study: Cardiac Implanted Electrical Devices, 516 18.4 Ethical Reflections, 521 18.5 Conclusions: The Need for Socio-Technical Design, 534 References, 537 19 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare Records in e-Healthcare Systems 541 Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi 19.1 Introduction, 541 19.2 Security and Privacy Concerns of EHR in e-Healthcare Systems, 545 19.3 Privacy Laws and Regulations of EHRs, 547 19.4 Privacy of EHRs in e-Healthcare Systems, 552 19.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 558 19.6 Contributions and Future Research, 559 References, 561 20 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues in Nanomedicine 567 Katie Atalla, Ayush Chaudhary, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Raj Mehta, Adarsh Nayak, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Ben Shiroma, and Pujal Trivedi 20.1 Introduction, 567 20.2 Ethical Issues, 568 20.3 Privacy Issues, 579 20.4 IP Issues, 590 20.5 Conclusion, 596 Acknowledgments, 596 References, 596 PART V CONCLUSION 601 21 Concluding Remarks 603 Zhaoqi Chen, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Kalyani Gonde, Kodiak Ravicz, Rakshith Saligram and Mike Schlesinger 21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 603 21.2 Nanomedicine, 606 21.3 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues of Nanomedicine and Wireless Computing, 609 21.4 Conclusions, 610 Acknowledgments, 610 References, 610 Index 613