ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products.   Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase.   Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code.   Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase.   -- The smallest and most economical member of the Kennedy/Gioia family, Backpack Literature is a brief paperback version of the discipline's most popular introduction to literature anthology. Like its bigger, bestselling predecessors, Backpack Literature features the authors' collective poetic voice which brings personal warmth and a human perspective to the discussion of literature, adding to students' interest in the readings.   New selections have been added including four new one-act plays to help “ease” students into the study of this genre. The new plays include two comedies-- David Ives’s, Sure Thing and Jane Martin’s Beauty—as well as Terrence McNally’s poignant Andre’s Mother and  Edward Bok Lee’s experimental drama El Santo Americano.        

Table of Contents:
** = new selection vs. Backpack 3e   Contents Preface   To the Instructor   About the Authors   Fiction Talking with Amy Tan 1     Reading a Story   The Art of Fiction Types of Short Fiction W. Somerset Maugham  The Appointment in Samarra   A servant tries to gallop away from Death in this brief sardonic fable retold in memorable form by a popular storyteller. **Aesop  The Fox and the Grapes Ever wonder where the phrase “sour grapes” comes from? Find out in this classic fable. **Bidpai  The Camel and His Friends With friends like these, you can guess what the camel doesn’t need. Chuang Tzu  Independence   The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable. Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm  Godfather Death   Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached. Plot   The Short Story   John Updike  A & P   In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight. Writing Effectively THINKING about Plot Checklist: Writing about Plot Writing Assignment on Plot   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW 2     Point of View   Identifying Point of View Types of Narrators Stream of Consciousness William Faulkner  A Rose for Emily   Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within? Edgar Allan Poe  The Tell-Tale Heart        The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard. **Jamaica Kincaid  Girl   “Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live. Virginia Woolf   A Haunted House Whatever hour you woke a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand. Writing Effectively THINKING about Point of View CHECKLIST: Writing about Point of View Writing Assignment on Point of View   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   3     Character   Types of Characters    Katherine Anne Porter  The Jilting of Granny Weatherall   For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house. Katherine Mansfield  Miss Brill   Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park. Alice Walker, Everyday Use   When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.  Raymond Carver  Cathedral   He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.       Writing Effectively Thinking about Character Checklist: Writing about Character Writing Assignment on Character More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   4     Setting   Elements of Setting Regionalism Kate Chopin  The Storm   Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain? **Jorge Luis Borges  The Gospel According to Mark   A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.   Jack London  To Build a Fire Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force. Amy Tan  A Pair of Tickets   A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.   Writing Effectively THINKING about Setting CHECKLIST: Writing about Setting Writing Assignment on Setting More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW     5     Tone and Style   Tone Style Diction Ernest Hemingway  A Clean, Well-Lighted Place   All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy? William Faulkner  Barn Burning   This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man. Irony   O. Henry  The Gift of the Magi   A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.” Kate Chopin  The Story of an Hour   “There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”                         Writing Effectively THINKING about Tone and Style CHECKLIST: Writing about Tone and Style Writing Assignment on Tone and Style More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   6     Theme   Plot vs. Theme Theme as Unifying Device Finding the Theme   **ZZ Packer  Brownies A brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake. Stephen Crane  The Open Boat   In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship. Luke 15:11–32  The Parable of the Prodigal Son   A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.  Harrison Bergeron   Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear. Writing Effectively THINKING about Theme CHECKLIST: Writing about Theme Writing Assignment on Theme More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   7     Symbol   Allegory Symbols Recognizing Symbols John Steinbeck  The Chrysanthemums   Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved—then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man. Charlotte Perkins Gilman  The Yellow Wallpaper A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.   Ursula K. Le Guin  The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas   Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil. Shirley Jackson  The Lottery   Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.   Writing Effectively THINKING about Symbols CHECKLIST: Writing about Symbols Writing Assignment on Symbols   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW 8     Stories for Further Reading   Chinua Achebe  Dead Men’s Path The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree. Sherman Alexie  This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years. ** Isabel Allende  The Judge’s Wife        Revenge can take many forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale. Margaret Atwood  Happy Endings   John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes. **T. Coraghessan Boyle  Greasy Lake   Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson one grim night. Sandra Cisneros  The House on Mango Street   Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to. Nathaniel Hawthorne Young Goodman Brown Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees—or dreams he sees—good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite. James Joyce  Araby   If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true. Franz Kafka  Before the Law A man from the country comes in search of the Law. He never guesses what will prevent him from finding it in this modern parable. Joyce Carol Oates  Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?   Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of a spellbinding imitation teenager, Arnold Friend. Tim O’Brien  The Things They Carried   What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.   Flannery O’Connor  A Good Man Is Hard to Find   Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror—and one moment of redeeming grace. **Eudora Welty  A Worn Path When the man said to old Phoenix, “you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing,” he might have been exaggerating, but not by much.     Poetry Talking with Kay Ryan 9 Reading a Poem   Poetry or Verse Reading a Poem Paraphrase William Butler Yeats  The Lake Isle of Innisfree   Lyric Poetry   Robert Hayden  Those Winter Sundays   Adrienne Rich  Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers     Narrative Poetry   Anonymous  Sir Patrick Spence   Robert Frost  “Out, Out—”   Dramatic Poetry   Robert Browning  My Last Duchess   Didactic Poetry   Writing Effectively Thinking about Paraphrase   William Stafford  Ask Me   William Stafford  A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”   Checklist: Writing a Paraphrase Writing Assignment on Paraphrasing   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   10   Listening to a Voice   Tone   Theodore Roethke  My Papa’s Waltz   Countee Cullen  For a Lady I Know   Anne Bradstreet  The Author to Her Book   Walt Whitman  To a Locomotive in Winter   Emily Dickinson  I like to see it lap the Miles   ** Gwendolyn Brooks  Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward Weldon Kees  For My Daughter   The Person in the Poem   Natasha Trethewey  White Lies   Edwin Arlington Robinson  Luke Havergal   Ted Hughes  Hawk Roosting   Anonymous  Dog Haiku    Langston Hughes  Theme for English B Anne Sexton  Her Kind   William Carlos Williams  The Red Wheelbarrow   Irony   Robert Creeley  Oh No   W. H. Auden  The Unknown Citizen   Sharon Olds  Rite of Passage   Edna St. Vincent Millay  Second Fig   Thomas Hardy  The Workbox   For Review and Further Study   **Julie Sheehan  Hate Poem Richard Lovelace  To Lucasta   Wilfred Owen  Dulce et Decorum Est   Writing Effectively Thinking About TONE   Checklist: Writing about Tone   Writing Assignment on Tone   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW    11 Words   Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First   William Carlos Williams  This Is Just to Say     Diction   Marianne Moore  Silence   John Donne  Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You     The Value of a Dictionary   Henry Wadsworth Longfellow  Aftermath   ** Kay Ryan  Mockingbird     Carl Sandburg   Grass **Samuel Menashe  Bread J. V. Cunningham  Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead   J. V. Cunningham  Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead   Word Choice and Word Order Robert Herrick  Upon Julia’s Clothes   Thomas Hardy  The Ruined Maid   For Review and Further Study   E. E. Cummings  anyone lived in a pretty how town   Wendy Cope  Lonely Hearts   Anonymous  Carnation Milk   Gina Valdés  English con Salsa   Lewis Carroll  Jabberwocky   Writing Effectively Thinking about Diction   Checklist: writing about Diction Writing Assignment on Word Choice   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW    12 Saying and Suggesting   Denotation and Connotation William Blake  London   Wallace Stevens  Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock  **Gwendolyn Brooks  The Bean Eaters Robert Frost  Fire and Ice   Diane Thiel   The Minefield   Rhina Espaillat  Bilingual/Bilingüe **A. R. Ammons , Coward Alfred, Lord Tennyson  Tears, Idle Tears   Richard Wilbur  Love Calls Us to the Things of This World   Writing Effectively Thinking about Denotation and Connotation   Checklist: Writing about What a Poem Says and Suggests   Writing Assignment on Denotation and Connotation   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   13 Imagery   Ezra Pound  In a Station of the Metro   Taniguchi Buson  The piercing chill I feel   Imagery T. S. Eliot  The winter evening settles down   Theodore Roethke  Root Cellar   Elizabeth Bishop  The Fish   Emily Dickinson  A Route of Evanescence   Gerard Manley Hopkins  Pied Beauty   Jean Toomer  Reapers     About Haiku   Arakida Moritake  The falling flower   Matsuo Basho  Heat-lightning streak   Matsuo Basho  In the old stone pool   Taniguchi Buson  On the one-ton temple bell   Taniguchi Buson  Moonrise on mudflats Kobayashi Issa  only one guy   Kobayashi Issa  Cricket     Haiku from Japanese Internment Camps   **Suiko Matsushita  Rain shower from mountain **Suiko Matsushita  Cosmos in bloom   **Hakuro Wada  Even the croaking of frogs   **Neiji Ozawa  The war—this year   Contemporary Haiku Etheridge Knight Making jazz swing in **Adelle Foley  Learning to Shave **Gary Snyder  After weeks of watching the roof leak **Garry Gay  Hole in the ozone   For Review and Further Study   John Keats  Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art   **William Carlos Williams  El Hombre **Li Po, Translated by Arthur Waley  Drinking Alone by Moonlight Billy Collins  Embrace   Stevie Smith  Not Waving but Drowning   Robert Bly  Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter     Writing Effectively Thinking About Imagery   Checklist: Writing about imagery   Writing Assignment on Imagery   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW   14 Figures of Speech   Why Speak Figuratively?   Alfred, Lord Tennyson  The Eagle   William Shakespeare  Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?   Howard Moss  Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?  Metaphor and Simile   Alfred, Lord Tennyson  Flower in the Crannied Wall   William Blake  To see a world in a grain of sand   Emily Dickinson  My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun       Sylvia Plath  Metaphors   ** Jill Alexander Essbaum  The Heart   N. Scott Momaday  Simile   Craig Raine  A Martian Sends a Postcard Home   Other Figures of Speech   James Stephens  The Wind   Margaret Atwood  You fit into me   **Timothy Steele  Epitaph   Dana Gioia  Money   Carl Sandburg  Fog      For Review and Further Study   Robert Frost  The Silken Tent   **Harryette Mullen  Dim Lady Kay Ryan  Turtle      John Keats  Ode on a Grecian Urn  ** Emily Brontë  Love and Friendship Writing Effectively Thinking About Metaphors   Checklist: Writing about Metaphors   Writing Assignment on Figures of Speech   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW    15 Sound   Sound as Meaning   William Butler Yeats  Who Goes with Fergus?   William Wordsworth  A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal   Aphra Behn  When maidens are young   Alliteration and Assonance   A. E. Housman  Eight O’Clock   Alfred, Lord Tennyson  The splendor falls on castle walls   Rime   Kevin Young  Doo Wop Hilaire Belloc  The Hippopotamus William Butler Yeats  Leda and the Swan   Gerard Manley Hopkins  God’s Grandeur   Robert Frost  Desert Places   Reading Poems Aloud   Michael Stillman  In Memoriam John Coltrane   Writing Effectively Thinking About a Poem’s Sound   Checklist: Writing about a Poem’s Sound   Writing Assignment on Sound   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW    16 Rhythm   Stresses and Pauses   Gwendolyn Brooks  We Real Cool   Alfred, Lord Tennyson  Break, Break, Break   Dorothy Parker  Résumé   Meter   Edna St. Vincent Millay  Counting-out Rhyme   A. E. Housman  When I was one-and-twenty   Walt Whitman  Beat! Beat! Drums!   Langston Hughes  Dream Boogie   Writing Effectively Thinking About Rhythm   Checklist: Scanning a Poem Writing Assignment on Rhythm   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW 17 Closed Form   Formal Patterns   John Keats  This living hand, now warm and capable   Robert Graves  Counting the Beats   John Donne  Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)   Ballads  Anonymous  Bonny Barbara Allan   Dudley Randall  Ballad of Birmingham   The Sonnet   William Shakespeare  Sonnet 116: Let me not to the marriage of true minds   Edna St. Vincent Millay  What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why   Robert Frost  Acquainted with the Night   R. S. Gwynn  Shakespearean Sonnet   ** Amit Majmudar   Rites to Allay the Dead   The Epigram   Sir John Harrington  Of Treason ** Langston Hughes  Two Somewhat Different Epigrams ** John Frederick Nims  Contemplation ** Dorothy Parker  The Actress   Other Forms   Dylan Thomas  Do not go gentle into that good night   Paul Laurence Dunbar  We Wear the Mask   Elizabeth Bishop  Sestina   Writing Effectively Thinking About a Sonnet   Checklist: Writing about a Sonnet   Writing Assignment on a Sonnet   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW  18   Open Form   Denise Levertov  Ancient Stairway   Free Verse E. E. Cummings  Buffalo Bill ’s   **W. S. Merwin  For the Anniversary of My Death   William Carlos Williams  The Dance   **Stephen Crane  The Wayfarer   Walt Whitman  Cavalry Crossing a Ford   Wallace Stevens  Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird   Prose Poetry   **Charles Simic  The Magic Study of Happiness  For Review and Further Study   E. E. Cummings  in Just-   **Carole Satyamurti  I Shall Paint My Nails Red   Langston Hughes  I, Too     Writing Effectively Thinking About Free Verse   Checklist: Writing about Line Breaks Writing Assignment on Open Form   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW    19   Symbol   The Meanings of a Symbol T. S. Eliot  The BostonEvening Transcript   Emily Dickinson  The Lightning is a yellow Fork     Identifying Symbols Thomas Hardy  Neutral Tones   Yusef Komunyakaa  Facing It    Allegory Matthew 13:24–30  The Parable of the Good Seed   Robert Frost  The Road Not Taken   Christina Rossetti  Uphill       For Review and Further Study Mary Oliver  Wild Geese Lorine Niedecker  Popcorn-can cover   Wallace Stevens  Anecdote of the Jar   Writing Effectively Thinking About Symbols   Checklist: Writing about Symbols   Writing Assignment on Symbolism   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW      20 Myth and Narrative   Origins of Myth Robert Frost  Nothing Gold Can Stay   William Wordsworth  The world is too much with us   H. D.  Helen   Archetype   Louise Bogan  Medusa  A. E. Stallings  First Love: A Quiz  Personal Myth   William Butler Yeats  The Second Coming    Sylvia Plath  Lady Lazarus     Myth and Popular Culture   Anne Sexton  Cinderella   Writing Effectively   THINKING  ABOUT MYTH Checklist: WRITINg About Myth   Writing Assignment on Myth   More Topics for Writing TERMS FOR REVIEW 21 What Is Poetry?   **Archibald MacLeish  Ars Poetica   Dante, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, **Gwendolyn Brooks, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, W. H. Auden, José Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Charles Simic   Some Definitions of Poetry     22 Poems for Further Reading   Aaron Abeyta  thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla   ** Kim Addonizio  First Poem for You Sherman Alexie  The Powwow at the End of the World  Matthew Arnold  Dover Beach   Margaret Atwood  Siren Song   W. H. Auden  September 1, 1939 W. H. Auden  Musée des Beaux Arts   Elizabeth Bishop  One Art William Blake  The Tyger   Gwendolyn Brooks  the mother   Elizabeth Barrett Browning  How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways   Robert Browning  Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister   ** Charles Bukowski  Dostoevsky Judith Ortiz Cofer  Quiñceañera   Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Kubla Khan   Billy Collins  Care and Feeding   E. E. Cummings  somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond   ** Emily Dickinson  Wild Nights - Wild Nights! Emily Dickinson  I heard a Fly buzz – when I died   Emily Dickinson  Because I could not stop for Death   John Donne  Death be not proud   John Donne  The Flea   Rita Dove  Daystar T. S. Eliot  The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Robert Frost  Birches   Robert Frost  Mending Wall   Robert Frost  Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening   Allen Ginsberg  A Supermarket in California   ** Thomas Hardy  Hap Seamus Heaney  Digging   George Herbert  Easter Wings   Robert Herrick  To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time   Gerard Manley Hopkins  Spring and Fall   Gerard Manley Hopkins  The Windhover   A. E. Housman  Loveliest of trees, the cherry now   A. E. Housman  To an Athlete Dying Young   Langston Hughes  The Negro Speaks of Rivers   Langston Hughes  Harlem [Dream Deferred]   Randall Jarrell  The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner   ** Robinson Jeffers  Rock and Hawk ** Ha Jin  Missed Time Ben Jonson  On My First Son   ** Donald Justice  Men at Forty ** John Keats n  Ode to a Nightingale John Keats  To Autumn   ** Philip Larkin  Poetry of Departures D. H. Lawrence  Piano   Shirley Geok-lin Lim  Learning to love America   Andrew Marvell  To His Coy Mistress   Edna St. Vincent Millay  Recuerdo   John Milton  When I consider how my light is spent   Sharon Olds  The One Girl at the Boys’ Party   Wilfred Owen  Anthem for Doomed Youth   Sylvia Plath  Daddy   Edgar Allan Poe  Annabel Lee   Ezra Pound  The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter   Henry Reed  Naming of Parts   Edwin Arlington Robinson  Miniver Cheevy   ** William Shakespeare  Sonnet 55: Not Marble nor the Gilded Monuments William Shakespeare  Sonnet 130: My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun   Percy Bysshe Shelley  Ozymandias   Wallace Stevens  The Emperor of Ice-Cream   Alfred, Lord Tennyson  Ulysses   Dylan Thomas  Fern Hill   John Updike  Ex-Basketball Player   ** Derek Walcott  Sea Grapes Walt Whitman  I Hear America Singing   Walt Whitman  O Captain! My Captain!   Richard Wilbur  The Writer   William Carlos Williams  Spring and All   ** William Carlos Williams  Queen-Anne’s-Lace William Wordsworth  Composed upon Westminster Bridge   James Wright  Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio   Mary Sidney Wroth  In this strange labyrinth   William Butler Yeats  Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop   William Butler Yeats  Sailing to Byzantium   William Butler Yeats  When You Are Old             Drama Talking with David Ives 23 Reading a Play   Theatrical Conventions Elements of a Play        Susan Glaspell  Trifles   Was Minnie Wright to blame for the death of her husband? While the menfolk try to unravel a mystery, two women in the kitchen turn up revealing clues. Analyzing Trifles     Writing Effectively THINKING about a Play   CHECKLIST: Writing about a Play   Writing Assignment on Conflict MORE Topics for Writing   Terms for Review 24 Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy   Tragedy  Christopher Marlowe  Scene From Doctor Faustus (Act 2, Scene 1)   In this scene from the classic drama, a brilliant scholar sells his soul to the devil. How smart is that? Comedy  **David Ives  Sure Thing Bill wants to pick up Betty in a cafe, but he makes every mistake in the book. Luckily, he not only gets a second chance, but a third and a fourth as well     Writing Effectively Thinking about Comedy Checklist: Writing about Comedy Writing Assignment on Comedy Topics for Writing About Tragedy Topics for Writing About Comedy   Terms for Review   25 The Theater of Sophocles   The Theater of Sophocles   The Civic Role of Greek Drama   Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy   Sophocles   The Origins of Oedipus the King   Sophocles  Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)   “Who is the man proclaimed / by Delphi’s prophetic rock / as the bloody handed murderer / the doer of deeds that none dare name? / . . . Terrribly close on his heels are the Fates that never miss.” Writing Effectively THINKING about Greek Tragedy   CHECKLIST: Writing about Greek Drama   Writing Assignment on Sophocles   More Topics for Writing   Terms for Review   26 The Theater of Shakespeare   The Theater of Shakespeare   William Shakespeare   A Note on Othello       Picturing Othello   William Shakespeare  Othello, the Moor of Venice  1368 Here is a story of jealousy, that “green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on”–of a passionate, suspicious man and his blameless wife, of a serpent masked as a friend.   Writing Effectively Understanding Shakespeare   Checklist:writing about shakespeare   Writing Assignment on Tragedy   More Topics for Writing     27 The Modern Theater   Realism Henrik Ibsen  A Doll’s House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, Revised by Viktoria Michelsen) The founder of modern drama portrays a troubled marriage. Helmer, the bank manager, regards his wife Nora as a “little featherbrain”–not knowing the truth may shatter his smug world.    Experimental Drama ***Edward Bok Lee  El Santo Americano A wrestler and his unhappy wife drive through the desert to a surprising conclusion.   Writing Effectively THINKING about Dramatic Realism   CHECKLIST: Writing about Realism   Writing Assignment on Realism   More Topics for Writing   Terms for Review 28 Plays for Further Reading   **Jane Martin  Beauty We’ve all wanted to be someone else at one time or another. But what would happen if we got our wish?   **Terrence McNally  Andre’s Mother After Andre’s funeral the four people who loved him most walk into Central Park together. Three of them talk about their grief, but Andre’s mother remains silent about her son, dead of AIDS. Tennessee Williams  The Glass Menagerie   Painfully shy and retiring, shunning love, Laura dwells in a world as fragile as her collection of tiny figurines–until one memorable night a gentleman comes to call. August Wilson  Fences   A proud man’s love for his family is choked by his rigidity and self-righteousness, in this powerful drama by a great American playwright of our time.   WRITING   29-Writing About Literature Read Actively   Robert Frost  Nothing Gold Can Stay Think About the Reading Plan Your Essay   Prewriting: Discover Your Ideas   Sample Student Prewriting Exercises   Develop a Literary Argument   Checklist: Developing an Argument   Write a Rough Draft   Sample Student Rough Draft  On Robert Frost’s “Nothing Gold Can Stay” Revise Your Draft   Checklist: Revising Your Draft Some Final Advice on Rewriting   Sample Student Revised Draft  Lost Innocence in Robert Frost’s “Nothing Gold Can Stay” What’s Your Purpose? Common Approaches to Writing About Literature   2083   Explication   Sample Student Paper  By Lantern Light: An Explication of a Passage in Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” Robert Frost  Design Sample Student Paper  An Unfolding of Robert Frost’s “Design”   Analysis   Sample Student Paper  Faded Beauty: Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish” Sample Student Paper  Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?     Comparison and Contrast   Sample Student Paper  Successful Adaptation in “A Rose for Emily” and “Miss Brill”     Response Paper   Sample Student Paper   Response to Tim O’Brien’s “The Things They Carried”   The Form of Your Finished Paper   Topics for Writing on Fiction Topics for Brief Papers Topics for More Extended Papers Topics for Long Papers Topics for Writing on Poetry Topics for Brief Papers Topics for More Extended Papers Topics for Long Papers Topics for Writing on Drama Topics for Brief Papers Topics for More Extended Papers Topics for Long Papers 30 Writing a Research Paper   Browse the Research Choose a Topic   Begin Your Research Print Resources   Online Databases   Reliable Web Sources     Checklist:Finding Reliable Sources     Visual Images   Checklist: Using Visual Images Evaluate Your Sources   Print Resources   Web Resources   Checklist: Evaluating Your Sources   Organize Your Research   Organize Your Paper   Maintain Academic Integrity   Acknowledge All Sources   quotations  Citing Ideas   Document Sources Using MLA Style   Parenthetical References   Works-Cited List   Citing Print Sources in MLA Style   Citing WeB Sources in MLA Style   Sample List of Works Cited       Reference Guide for Citations     Credits   Index of Authors and Titles   Index of Literary Terms