A guide to the information and practical skills for successful instructional design, revised and updated  The updated eighth edition of Designing Effective Instruction offers educators an essential guide for designing effective and efficient instruction that is exciting and interesting. The flexible model presented is based on research from many different disciplines. The authors—noted experts on the topic—draw on recent research that incorporates both behavioral and cognitive approaches into the model. The eighth edition highlights the fundamentals of instructional design that can help students develop a solid foundation in the design process. These basic skills can be adapted to a wide variety of settings, such as multimedia, classroom, business, health care, higher education, and distance-education instruction. This new edition has been revised to include information on the most recent research and trends. The book also contains a new section on the topic of lean instructional design. This new section discusses strategies to reduce time and resources for each step of the process. This important guide: Offers a review of the basic skills needed to create effective instruction Includes various features to stimulate thinking and provides additional explanations Provides a real-world scenario in every chapter Presents exercises to test skills and knowledge Contains a quality management section to help conduct a quick quality check of the design project Written for instructional designers in business, military, medical, and government settings as well as to those in higher education and P–12 classrooms, Designing Effective Instruction is the proven resource for designing quality instruction that can motivate participants.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiv About the Authors xv Chapter One Introduction to the Instructional Design Process 2 Getting Started 2 Why Instructional Design? 4 What Is Instructional Design? 8 Overview of Our Design Model 16 Who’s Who in the Instructional Design Process 20 Answering the Critics 21 Questions . . . Questions . . . Questions 23 Summary 23 The ID Process 24 Application 25 Answers 25 References 25 Chapter Two Identifying the Need for Instruction 28 Getting Started 28 Is Instruction the Answer? 30 Needs Assessment 31 Goal Analysis 41 Performance Assessment 44 Summary 45 The ID Process 46 Application 47 Answers 48 Quality Management 49 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 49 References 50 Chapter Three Learner and Contextual Analysis 52 Getting Started 52 Types of Learner Characteristics 54 Contextual Analysis 63 Summary 67 The ID Process 67 Application 68 Answers 69 Quality Management 69 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 69 Potential Audience Misconceptions 71 Orienting Context 71 References 71 Chapter Four Task Analysis 74 Getting Started 74 Task Analysis 76 Topic Analysis 79 Procedural Analysis 82 The Critical Incident Method 90 Conducting a Task Analysis 92 Summary 95 The ID Process 95 Application 96 Answer 96 Quality Management 98 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 99 References 101 Chapter Five Instructional Objectives 104 Getting Started 104 Function of Objectives 104 Three Objective Domains 106 Developing Instructional Objectives 110 Writing Objectives in the Cognitive Domain 111 Writing Objectives for the Psychomotor Domain 117 Writing Objectives for the Affective Domain 117 Classifying Objectives 119 Pros and Cons of Writing Objectives 121 Summary 122 The ID Process 122 Application 123 Answers 124 Quality Management 124 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 125 References 127 Chapter Six Designing the Instruction: Sequencing 128 Getting Started 128 The Posner and Strike Sequencing Schemes 130 Elaboration Theory Sequencing 136 Content Expertise Sequencing 136 Task Expertise Sequencing 136 From Objectives to Sequencing 137 Summary 137 The ID Process 137 Application 138 Answers 138 Quality Management 138 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 139 References 140 Chapter Seven Designing the Instruction: Strategies 142 Getting Started 142 Why Instructional Strategies? 144 Prescriptions for Instructional Strategies 146 Summary 159 The ID Process 160 Applications 161 Answers 161 Quality Management 162 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 162 References 165 Chapter Eight Designing the Instructional Message 170 Getting Started 170 Preinstructional Strategies 172 Message Design for Text 176 Pictures and Graphics in Instruction 183 Effectiveness 183 Graphical Signals 184 Summary 191 The ID Process 191 Lean Instructional Design 191 Applications 192 Answers 192 Quality Management 193 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 193 References 195 Chapter Nine Developing Instructional Materials 200 Getting Started 200 Starting the Development of the Instruction 200 Heuristics for Developing Instruction 203 Putting Pen to Paper or Fingers to Keyboard 207 Group Presentations 217 Self-Paced Learning 222 Changing Roles 225 Small-Group Formats 226 Summary 229 The ID Process 230 Application 230 Answer 231 Quality Management 231 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 231 References 232 Chapter Ten Design Considerations for Technology-Based Instruction 238 Getting Started 238 Individualized Computer- and Web-Based Instruction 240 Design Considerations for Individualized Computer and Web-Based Instruction 243 Design Considerations for Group-Based Distance Instruction 255 Summary 258 The ID Process 258 Application 259 Answer 259 Quality Management 259 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 260 References 261 Chapter Eleven The Many Faces of Evaluation 268 Getting Started 268 Purposes of Evaluation 270 Relationship among Formative, Summative, and Confirmative Evaluations 274 Relationship between Evaluation and Instructional Objectives 276 Suggested Measures for Alternative Outcomes 277 Validity and Reliability of Tests 277 Standards of Achievement 282 Student Self-Evaluation 286 Summary 288 The ID Process 289 Application 291 Answer 291 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 291 References 293 Chapter Twelve Developing Evaluation Instruments 296 Getting Started 296 Testing Knowledge 298 Testing Skills and Behavior 311 Attitudes 323 Summary 329 The ID Process 329 Applications 330 Answers 330 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 331 References 333 Chapter Thirteen Using Evaluation to Enhance Programs: Conducting Formative and Summative Evaluations 334 Getting Started 334 A Basic Model for Formative Evaluation 336 Types of Formative Evaluation 341 Stages of Formative Evaluation 344 Summative Evaluation: Determining Program Outcomes 345 Program Effectiveness 347 Program Efficiency 350 Program Costs 351 Confirmative Evaluation: Determining Outcomes Over Time 355 Reporting Results of Summative and Confirmative Evaluations 359 Summary 359 The ID Process 360 Application 362 Answer 362 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 362 References 364 Chapter Fourteen Learning Theory and Instructional Theory 366 Getting Started 366 Introduction 368 Learning Theory 369 Summary 382 The ID Process 383 Application 385 Answer 386 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 386 References 387 Chapter Fifteen Planning for Instructional Implementation 390 Getting Started 390 Planned Change 390 The CLER Model 395 Planning the Implementation with the CLER Model 399 Tichy’s TPC (Technical, Political, Cultural) Framework 401 Developmental Stages and Information Decision Process Models 402 Implementation Decisions 403 Instructors 405 Role of Supervisors 407 Summary 408 The ID Process 408 Application 409 Answers 409 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 410 References 410 Chapter Sixteen Instructional Design Project Management 412 Getting Started 412 Project Management 414 Project Agreement and Proposal Preparation 422 Instructional Design Shortcuts 427 Flexibility of the Instructional Design Process 427 Instructional Design in Organizations 427 Working with the Subject-Matter Expert and Consultants 429 Legal Considerations in ID Project Management 431 Summary 434 The ID Process 434 Application 435 Answers 435 Instructional Design: Decisions and Choices 435 References 436 Appendix A Sample Instructional Design Documentation 439 Appendix B A Sample Instructional Unit 449 Glossary 459 Index 463