By helping students develop an intuitive understanding of the subject, Fundamentals of Microelectronics teaches them to think like engineers.
The second edition of Razavi’s Fundamentals of Microelectronics retains its hallmark emphasis on analysis by inspection and building students’ design intuition. It incorporates a host of new pedagogical features that make the book easy to teach and learn from, including application sidebars; self-check problems with answers; simulation problems with SPICE and MULTISIM; and an expanded problem set that is organized by degree of difficulty and clearly associated with specific chapter sections.
Table of Contents:
1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROELECTRONICS 1 1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics 1
1.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 2
1.3 Basic Concepts 8
1.4 Chapter Summary 20
2 BASIC PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS 21
2.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 22
2.2 pn Junction 35
2.3 Reverse Breakdown 53
2.4 Chapter Summary 54
Problems 55
SPICE Problems 58
3 DIODE MODELS AND CIRCUITS 59
3.1 Ideal Diode 59
3.2 pn Junction as a Diode 70
3.3 Additional Examples 72
3.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 77
3.5 Applications of Diodes 86
3.6 Chapter Summary 112
Problems 113
SPICE Problems 120
4 PHYSICS OF BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 122
4.1 General Considerations 122
4.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 124
4.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 125
4.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 133
4.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 150
4.6 The PNP Transistor 153
4.7 Chapter Summary 160
Problems 161
SPICE Problems 168
5 BIPOLAR AMPLIFIERS 170
5.1 General Considerations 170
5.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 177
5.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 195
5.4 Summary and Additional Examples 247
5.5 Chapter Summary 253
Problems 253
SPICE Problems 268
6 PHYSICS OF MOS TRANSISTORS 270
6.1 Structure of MOSFET 270
6.2 Operation of MOSFET 273
6.3 MOS Device Models 293
6.4 PMOS Transistor 296
6.5 CMOS Technology 298
6.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 299
6.7 Chapter Summary 299
Problems 300
SPICE Problems 307
7 CMOS AMPLIFIERS 309
7.1 General Considerations 309
7.2 Common-Source Stage 314
7.3 Common-Gate Stage 325
7.4 Source Follower 331
7.5 Summary and Additional Examples 336
7.6 Chapter Summary 340
Problems 340
SPICE Problems 352
8 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AS A BLACK BOX 354
8.1 General Considerations 355
8.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 357
8.3 Nonlinear Functions 370
8.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 373
8.5 Design Examples 385
8.6 Chapter Summary 387
Problems 388
SPICE Problems 394
9 CASCODE STAGES AND CURRENT MIRRORS 395
9.1 Cascode Stage 395
9.2 Current Mirrors 411
9.3 Chapter Summary 424
Problems 425
SPICE Problems 435
10 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS 437
10.1 General Considerations 437
10.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 442
10.3 MOS Differential Pair 458
10.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 471
10.5 Common-Mode Rejection 475
10.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 479
10.7 Chapter Summary 487
Problems 488
SPICE Problems 500
11 FREQUENCY RESPONSE 502
11.1 Fundamental Concepts 502
11.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 517
11.3 Analysis Procedure 522
11.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 523
11.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 532
11.6 Frequency Response of Followers 535
11.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 541
11.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 546
11.9 Additional Examples 549
11.10 Chapter Summary 553
Problems 554
SPICE Problems 562
12 FEEDBACK 563
12.1 General Considerations 563
12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 568
12.3 Types of Amplifiers 576
12.4 Sense and Return Techniques 579
12.5 Polarity of Feedback 582
12.6 Feedback Topologies 584
12.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 600
12.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 613
12.9 Chapter Summary 627
Problems 628
SPICE Problems 639
13 OSCILLATORS 641
13.1 General Considerations 641
13.2 Ring Oscillators 644
13.3 LC Oscillators 648
13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 657
13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 660
13.6 Crystal Oscillators 661
13.7 Chapter Summary 667
Problems 667
SPICE Problems 672
14 OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS 673
14.1 General Considerations 673
14.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 674
14.3 Push-Pull Stage 677
14.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 680
14.5 Large-Signal Considerations 687
14.6 Short-Circuit Protection 692
14.7 Heat Dissipation 692
14.8 Efficiency 697
14.9 Power Amplifier Classes 699
14.10 Chapter Summary 700
Problems 701
SPICE Problems 705
15 ANALOG FILTERS 707
15.1 General Considerations 707
15.2 First-Order Filters 717
15.3 Second-Order Filters 720
15.4 Active Filters 729
15.5 Approximation of Filter Response 743
15.6 Chapter Summary 753
Problems 754
SPICE Problems 758
16 DIGITAL CMOS CIRCUITS 760
16.1 General Considerations 760
16.2 CMOS Inverter 773
16.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 790
16.4 Chapter Summary 794
Problems 795
SPICE Problems 800
17 CMOS AMPLIFIERS 801
17.1 General Considerations 801
17.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 808
17.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 818
17.4 Common-Source Topology 819
17.5 Additional Examples 855
17.6 Chapter Summary 859
Problems 860
SPICE Problems 871
Appendix A INTRODUCTION TO SPICE 873
Index 893
