By helping students develop an intuitive understanding of the subject, Microelectronics teaches them to think like engineers. The second edition of Razavi’s Microelectronics retains its hallmark emphasis on analysis by inspection and building students’ design intuition, and it incorporates a host of new pedagogical features that make it easier to teach and learn from, including: application sidebars, self-check problems with answers, simulation problems with SPICE and MULTISIM, and an expanded problem set that is organized by degree of difficulty and more clearly associated with specific chapter sections.
Table of Contents:
1 Introduction to Microelectronics 1
1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics 1
1.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 2
2 Basic Physics of Semiconductors 9
2.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 10
2.2 pn Junction 23
2.3 Reverse Breakdown 41
3 Diode Models and Circuits 46
3.1 Ideal Diode 46
3.2 pn Junction as a Diode 57
3.3 Additional Examples 59
3.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 64
3.5 Applications of Diodes 73
4 Physics of Bipolar Transistors 107
4.1 General Considerations 107
4.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 109
4.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 110
4.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 118
4.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 135
4.6 The PNP Transistor 138
5 Bipolar Amplifiers 153
5.1 General Considerations 153
5.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 160
5.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 178
Topology 179
6 Physics of MOS Transistors 244
6.1 Structure of MOSFET 244
6.2 Operation of MOSFET 247
6.3 MOS Device Models 267
6.4 PMOS Transistor 270
6.5 CMOS Technology 273
6.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS
Devices 273
Problems 274
Spice Problems 280
7 CMOS Amplifiers 281
7.1 General Considerations 281
7.2 Common-Source Stage 286
7.3 Common-Gate Stage 297
7.4 Source Follower 303
8 Operational Amplifier as a Black Box 321
8.1 General Considerations 322
8.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 324
8.3 Nonlinear Functions 336
8.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 339
8.5 Design Examples 351
Problems 353
Spice Problems 358
9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 359
9.1 Cascode Stage 359
9.2 Current Mirrors 375
10 Differential Amplifiers 399
10.1 General Considerations 399
10.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 404
10.3 MOS Differential Pair 420
10.4 Cascode Differential
Amplifiers 433
10.5 Common-Mode Rejection 437
10.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 441
11 Frequency Response 460
11.1 Fundamental Concepts 460
11.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 475
11.3 Analysis Procedure 480
11.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 480
11.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 488
11.6 Frequency Response of Followers 491
11.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 498
12 Feedback 513
12.1 General Considerations 513
12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 518
12.3 Types of Amplifiers 526
12.4 Sense and Return Techniques 529
12.5 Polarity of Feedback 532
12.6 Feedback Topologies 534
12.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 550
12.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 563
Problems 577
Spice Problems 587
13 Oscillators 588
13.1 General Considerations 588
13.2 Ring Oscillators 591
13.3 LC Oscillators 595
13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 604
13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 607
13.6 Crystal Oscillators 608
Implementation 611
Problems 614
Spice Problems 617
14 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 619
14.1 General Considerations 619
14.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 620
14.3 Push-Pull Stage 623
14.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 626
14.5 Large-Signal Considerations 633
14.6 Short-Circuit Protection 638
14.7 Heat Dissipation 638
14.8 Efficiency 643
14.9 Power Amplifier Classes 645 Problems 646
Spice Problems 650
15 Analog Filters 651
15.1 General Considerations 651
15.2 First-Order Filters 661
15.3 Second-Order Filters 664
15.4 Active Filters 673
15.5 Approximation of Filter Response 687
Problems 697
Spice Problems 701
16 Digital CMOS Circuits 702
16.1 General Considerations 702
16.2 CMOS Inverter 714
16.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 731
Problems 736
Spice Problems 740
17 CMOS Amplifiers 742
17.1 General Considerations 742
17.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 749
17.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 759
17.4 Common-Source Topology 760
Problems 796
Spice Problems 806
Appendix A Introduction
To Spice 809
Index 829
