The only argument reader, rhetoric, research guide, and handbook that emphasizes style throughtout the text, Discovering Arguments presents the classical persuasive appeals throughout the text while exploring the contributions of Stephen Toulmin and Carl Rogers.

Table of Contents:
CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATION AND PERSUASION: LOGOS, PATHOS, ETHOS                                       Noticing and Thinking                                                                                                          The process of thinking The paradigm shift Communicating Clearly and Effectively Amy Wu, Stop the Clock Specific evidence Brian A. Courtney, Freedom from Choice Writing an Opinion Essay Finding your subject Writing Persuasively The Persuasive Appeals Logos  Recognizing logos S. I. Hayakawa, On Human Survival    Pathos      Recognizing pathos   Julia Kraus, If I Told You, Would You Want to Hear?   Rick Reilly, Making Up for Lost Time Humor as pathos Ethos Recognizing ethos John Edwards, A Trust Worth Winning New York Times, Editorial, A Moment of Grace Thesis Statements Evaluating your thesis statement Engaging Your Audience: Titles, Introductions, Conclusions Features of good titles       Title strategies Titles to avoid Features of good introductions Introductory strategies Introductions to avoid Features of good conclusions Concluding strategies Conclusions to avoid How to Annotate Vicki L. Wilson, My Smile Is Worth More Than Face Value Ryan Grady Sample, Bigger, But Not Better     Guide for Evaluating Writing A Note of Defining Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage   INTERCHAPTER 1 STYLE AND VOICE Diction Monosyllabic words       Multisyllabic words Pretentious writing Other Features of Diction Specific or general       Concrete or abstract Literal or figurative  Literal language Figurative language    Avoid cliches         Precise words Voice The writing situation and voice Tone Analyzing attitude toward readers Analyzing attitudes toward subject and self   Sentence Tools Simple sentences      Joining complete thoughts: coordination Using semicolons to join complete thoughts Using semicolons with formal transition words Solving Two Common Sentence Problems Comma splices Run-on sentences                                                                                CHAPTER 2 ARGUMENTS AND CONTROVERSIES Critical Reading and Writing: Agree, Disagree or Maybe Both? Deborah Tannen, How to Turn Debate into Dialogue Reading Tools Asking questions        Noticing insights        Noticing assumptions       Noticing overgeneralizations ExploringTwo Essays on a Controversy Analysis and evaluation of Mitch Albom’s essay Mitch Albom, Don’t Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills Albom’s writing situation   Albom’s introduction Noticing Albom’s insights, assumptions, and overgeneralizations Responding to other arguments Albom’s use of logos, pathos, and ethos What is the solution? Albom’s conclusion Analysis and evaluation of Thomas Sowell’s essay             Thomas Sowell, Mass Shootings and Mass Hysteria Two methods for analyzing an essay: outlining and summarizing Outline of Sowell’s essay Summary of Sowell’s essay Sowell’s writing situation Sowell’s introduction Noticing Sowell’s insights, assumptions, and overgeneralizations Responding to other arguments Sowell’s use of logos, pathos, and ethos What is the solution? Sowell’s conclusion Albom and Sowell: What Do You Conclude? Mike Gallagher, Preventing Another Massacre Hillary Hylton, The Gun Lobby’s Counterattack Guns and More Guns, Editorial, New York Times                     Kinds of Evidence for Arguing: Examples, Reasons, Authorities, Statistics Using examples   Illustration       Using reasons Using authorities       Using statistics Writing an Essay about a Local Issue                Writing a Report to Explore an Argument FiveEssays on Controversial Issues for a Report           Women in Combat Kathleen Parker, Children Last Video Games and Violence Rebecca Hagelin, Video Game Violence and Our Sons           Global Climate Change Ellen Goodman, No Change in Political Climate Health Care for All Children Bob Herbert, The Divide in Caring for Our Kids Capital Punishment Leonard Pitts Jr., Expedience No Reason to Kill a Man Writing an Essay with Sources about a Controversy Organizing an essay about a controversy Present the other side first                    Rogerian argument     Ending your essay Student model essay                Readings on Controversial Issues: Three Case Studies                                                                   Drinking Age Barbara Kantrowitz and Anne Underwood, The Teen Drinking DilemmaRobert Voas, There's No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking AgeJohn J. Miller, The Case Against 21Choose Responsibility, Education Cheating for Success Michael Josephson and Melissa Mertz, From Honor Above All      ABCNEWS, A Cheating Crisis in America's Schools ABCNEWS, An Educator’s Worst Nightmare Joe Smith, Mark Pogge, Jane Doe, Student Comments on the Ethics of Cheating Charlotte Allen, Their Cheatin' Hearts Same-Sex Marriage      Patricia Bertuccio, Coming Out: Parents Learn True Meaning of Family after Both Son and Daughter Announce They Are Gay Evan Wolfson, Marriage Makes a Word of Difference Ben Shapiro, The Homosexual Assault On Traditional MarriageCal Thomas, Dearly Beloved   Gregory Gadow, WashingtonDefense of Marriage Alliance: I-957 The Defense of             Marriage Initiative Venice Buhain, Lacey Woman Shares Tale of Denial at Bedside of Her Dying PartnerMaggie Gallagher, The Message of SameSex Marriage   INTERCHAPTER 2 VOICE AND EMPHASIS Diction and Repetition Repeating words for emphasis      Alliteration Sentence Tools Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination  Colons and dashes and voice Colons Dashes Using double dashes        Italics (Underlining) and Voice Parentheses and voice Fine-tuning Sentences                           Sentence fragments: pros and cons          Conciseness Omit needless words I             Omit needless words II                                                                                  CHAPTER 3  STRATEGIES OF ARGUMENTATION Using Opposites Using Contradictions and Paradoxes Contradictions Paradoxes Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity       Either/or thinking Flip it The wisdom of opposites Using Comparison Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns Using Refutation Using Induction and Deduction Induction Deduction Using Narration and Description Narration Description Using analogy Explaining the mind   Using Classification Using Cause and Effect Using Humor Humorous tone Rick Reilly, Swearing Off Swearing Humor as Satire Dave Barry, Taking the Manly Way Out Using Definition Digging for roots of words Exploring an Essay David Gessner, A Feeling of Wildness Connie Schultz, Here’s a Little Tip about Gratuities Rick Reilly, What Money Can't Buy                                                                                INTERCHAPTER 3 STRATEGIES OF REPETITION Sentence Tools Parallelism          Anaphora           Epistrophe  The Power of Threes in Sentences Susan Ager, Baby, Baby, Baby, 3 Has Its Charms   Using threes in sentences: rising order or not Varying Sentence Beginnings: Three Ways Using -ing phrases    Misusing -ing Phrases: Dangling Modifiers  Using -ed or -en phrases      Using To phrases   CHAPTER 4 THE TOULMIN METHOD AND PROBLEMS IN REASONING Using the Toulmin Strategy to Argue Kinds of arguments–kinds of claims        Laws and policies Reality, facts Values, morals, taste   Warrants  Stating the warrant Exploring an Essay Using the Toulmin Method Roald Hoffman, The Tense Middle   Hoffman’s claim        Hoffman’s grounds    Hoffman’s warrant Hoffman’s backing   Rebuttal of Hoffman’s claim, grounds, and warrant Essays to Explore with the Toulmin Method                              Caitlin Petre, The Lessons I Didn't Learn in College Alice Waters, Eating for Credit Dave Eggers, Serve or Fail         Problems in Reasoning Finding the Facts  Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences Implications Assumptions Inferences Fallacies  Problems of Insufficient Evidence  Overgeneralizing    John Gray, Wallets and Purses    Card stacking         Ad ignorantium  Post hoc ergo propter hoc  Problems Based on Irrelevant Information Ad Baculum         Ad hominem         Fallacy of opposition    Genetic fallacy        Guilt by association        Ad misericordiam  Ad populum        Bandwagon        Plain folks and snob appeal  Ad verecundiam        Red herring        Weak opponent Tu quoque          Oversimplification  Problems of Ambiguity  Amphibole        Begging the question        Equivocation  Loaded language          False analogy  Problems of Faulty Reasoning  False dilemma (either/or thinking)       Non sequitur  Rationalization       Reductio ad absurdum         Slippery slope  Reading and Writing Activities         INTERCHAPTER 4 STYLE AND OPPOSITES Sentence Tools Antithesis        Antithesis and balanced sentences                           Loose and periodic sentences Fine-tuning Sentences  False starts       Active and passive verbs      CHAPTER 5 VISUAL ARGUMENTS       Photographs News photographs    Feature Photography        Staged images       Documentary photographs       Fotolog Student Essays Exploring Photographs   Like a Photograph, a Painting    Advertisements Commercial ads              Ads for social causes       Student essays exploring advertisements Cartoons      Cartoons and creativity         Creativity and humor Serious cartoons    Kathleen Parker, Happy Father's Day, Jerk    Editorial cartoons Student essays exploring cartoons Film                                          Writing about a film    Organizing your film review   Before you do research   Finding and synthesizing sources Student film reviews                                                                               INTERCHAPTER 5 ANALYZING STYLE Presenting Yourself in E-Mail   Tools of Style  Exploring the Style of a Passage  Exploring the Style of an Essay or a Speech  Rick Reilly, The Swooshification of the World Essays for Exploration Ellen Goodman, The Abiding Legacy of My Mother–the Listener Dave Barry, Growing Old with Dave Martin Luther King Jr., I Have a Dream   CHAPTER 6 CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT POETRY, FICTION, AND LITERARY NONFICTION Reading and Writing about Poetry  Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz The language of poetry        Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass Elements of poetry Diction       Imagery Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar             Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and symbols   Sylvia Plath, Metaphors      Tone          Speaker           Sound patterns        Structure         Line breaks Reading Notebook William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Writing an Essay about a Poem  Student Essay Exploring a Poem Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay  Mary Oliver, The Summer Day Ted Kooser, Student Marge Piercy, To Be of Use Paula Sergi, Vocations Club Bruce Weigl, May James Wright, A Blessing Lucille Clifton, homage to my hips W. S. Merwin, Yesterday Reading and Writing about Fiction  Stuart Dybek, Lights Stuart Dybek, Maroon   Anne Caston, Flying Out with the Wounded Elements of fiction          Plot and conflict        Character Point of view        Setting           Moral issues Writing an Essay about a Story  Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay  Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics Bonnie Jo Campbell, Shotgun Wedding Will Weaver, The Undeclared Major Reading and Writing about Literary Nonfiction  Richard Selzer, Brute Writing about a Literary Nonfiction Essay Naomi Shihab Nye, Field Trip Annie Dillard, Living Like Weasels     CHAPTER 7 LIBRARY STRATEGIES Research Writing Options    The report         The argument paper Modern Research    Start in the Library   Preliminary reading            Locating your research question Strategy One: Finding Background Material    General encyclopedias       Specialized encyclopedias The Growth Phenomenon: A Research Problem Critical thinking in a research notebook Keeping Notes Strategy Two: Looking for Books The library catalog           Online databases for book lists Strategy Three: Looking for Articles Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature     Newspaper online archives Searching databases To use popular sources or not Divide your work into steps or phases Look for the most recent sources first   Professional, technical, and specialty journals  Strategy Four: Looking for Specialized Information Government documents, statistics, reports  Biographical sources Book reviews   Strategy Five: Using Electronic Sources and Microform Readers Microform Readers Strategy Six: Using Interviews     CHAPTER 8 EVALUATING EVIDENCE The Wikipedia Dilemma Scott Jaschik, A Stand Against Wikipedia T. Mills Kelly, Why I Won’t Get Hired at Middlebury Research and the Internet What Is a Reliable Site?   Evaluating Web sites        Criteria for Web sites Who Is the Author? Identifying authors        Watch Out for False Authorities  Authority          Questionable Ethos Daniel Carlat, Generic Smear Campaign Reliable Information: On the Web and Off    Context          Timely data         Documentation and credibility       Hoaxes and frauds    Understanding Evidence Claim Persuasion Questioning evidence primary and secondary evidence The weight of evidence   Magazines and journals        What are professional journals?  Researchers’ rule         “Best” sources of evidence Remaining impartial Information without Attribution Evaluating statistical data Going Beyond the Information Given Nicholas D. Kristof, Save the Darfur Puppy   Exploring an Article by Doing Research from It Lori Aratani, Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs? Daniel Goleman, Flame First, Think Later: New Clues to E-Mail Misbehavior Gardiner Harris, F.D.A. Dismisses Medical Benefit From Marijuana          CHAPTER 9 DOCUMENTATION Using Sources Citing information from sources Using Direct Quotes How to cite long quotes Using an ellipsis mark to indicate omission of words Using brackets to add your own words in a quote Using “sic” to indicate errors in quotes When it is appropriate to use direct quotes Using signal phrases with direct quotes Plagiarism, Summarizing and Paraphrasing Leonard Pitts Jr., Chris Cecil, Plagiarism Gets You Fired Common knowledge MLA Style: InText Rules   Using author’s name and signal phrase Using author’s name in parentheses   Using sources with two or three authors Using sources with for four or more authors Using a committee or group author Using authors with the same last name Using an unknown author Using a source quoted in another source Using shortened titles Using a web source with no page numbers Using a source that is one page Citing page numbers Using works with numbered sections or lines      Using publishers’ names Using copyright date Using content notes Basic Work Cited Model, Book (MLA)  Basic Work Cited Model, Periodical (MLA)   Books: MLA Works Cited Models  One author        More than one book by same author   Author of one book, coauthor of another     Committee or group author       Book with editor(s)     Article or chapter in an edited work   Translation        Multi-volume work         Reprint of older work  Publisher imprint      Edition       Introduction, preface, foreword  Bible, sacred works        Dictionary   Specialized encyclopedia   Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models  Weekly magazine article       Magazine article, no author given   Monthly magazine article      Newspaper article   Newspaper article, unsigned         Editorial Letter to the editor in magazine or newspaper Book review                Film review Music review         Journal article, each issue starting with page 1 Journal article, pages numbered continuously throughout year Titles and quotes within titles   Other Sources: MLA Works Cited Models Handout or unpublished essay      Lecture, speech, public address   Film      Video recording: television or film       Play, performance  Musical performance       Musical composition       Musical recording   Individual selection from a recording       Television show   Work of art         Poem published separately          Poem in a collection   Letter, personal          Letter(s), published          Personal interview  Telephone interview           Published interview     A chart, diagram, map, or table       A cartoon        An advertisement   Electronic Sources: MLA Works Cited Models                Article from an online magazine         Article from an online newspaper     Article from an online journal   An entire web site Chapter or section from a web site Article from a web site E-Mail Online book        Part of an online book       Online government publication        CD-ROM Work from an online database Weblog site Weblog entry          APA Style: Name and Date Method of Documentation Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style   Using author’s name Using sources with two authors   Using sources with three to five authors Using sources with six or more authors Using an unknown author Using a committee or group with a long name Using two authors with same last name Using same author, same year Using multiple references Using a source quoted in another source Using a long quote References List in APA Style   Basic Reference Form, Book (APA)        Basic Reference Form, Periodicals (APA)  Books: Reference List Models, APA Style One author        More than one book by same author   Author of one book, coauthor of another   Two or more authors       Committee or group author    Book with editor(s)        Article or chapter in an edited work Translation        Multivolume work        Reprint of older work          Edition other than the first Introduction, preface, foreword         Dictionary   Periodicals: Reference List Models, APA Style   Weekly magazine article       Magazine article, no author given   Monthly magazine article        Newspaper article  Newspaper article, unsigned        Editorial, signed and unsigned Letter to the editor        Book review        Film review Music review       Journal article, each issue starting with page 1 Journal article, pages numbered continuously throughout year Other Sources:Reference List Models, APA Style    Lecture, speech, public address   Motion picture: film, video, or DVD Television broadcast  Play, performance          Individual selection from a recording Work of art        A chart, diagram, map, or table Electronic Sources: Reference List Models, APA Style   Internet articles based on a print source          Article from a journal, print source Article from an online journal, no print source Article from a magazine    Article from an online newspaper       Online book     Online government publication          Work from an online database  Weblog entry   CHAPTER 10 WRITING YOUR RESEARCH PAPER Researchers as Writers  Writing a Report  A model report Organizing informational reports Writing an Argument Paper Shaping your thesis         Discovering order  Working through your project Understanding audience Controlling your voice Taking your time Substantiating your data The Formal Outline                   Revising the preliminary outline The Formal Outline Model   The Abstract     Using What You Have Learned in Earlier Chapters Works Cited or References  The bibliography rule A Model Argument Paper MLA Guidelines for Manuscript Format APA Guidelines for Manuscript Format Model Research Paper Using APA Style   A CONCISE HANDBOOK ON GRAMMAR, MECHANICS, AND USAGE Sentences   Punctuation   Mechanics      Glossary of Usage      CREDITS   INDEX