Meat inspection, meat hygiene and official control tasks in the slaughterhouse have always been of major importance in the meat industry, and are intimately related with animal diseases and animal welfare. The history of meat inspection has largely been a success story. Huge steps have been taken over more than a century to prevent the transmission of pathogenic organisms and contagious diseases from animals to humans. Various factors influence the quality and safety of meat including public health hazards (zoonotic pathogens, chemical substances and veterinary drugs), animal health and welfare issues during transport and slaughter. Meat inspection is one of the most important programs in improving food safety, and its scope has enlarged considerably over the last decades. Globalization has affected the complexity of the modern meat chain and has provided possibilities for food frauds and unfair competition. During the last two decades many food fraud cases have been reported, which have caused concern among consumers and the industry. Subsequently meat inspection is faced with new challenges. Meat Inspection and Control in the Slaughterhouse is an up-to-date reference book that responds to these changes and reflects the continued importance of meat inspection for the food industry. The contributors to this book are all international experts in the areas of meat inspection and the official controls limited to slaughterhouses, providing a rare insight into the international meat trade. This book will be of importance to students, professionals and members of the research community worldwide who aim to improve standards of meat inspection procedures and food safety.

Table of Contents:
Contributors xix 1 Introduction 1 Hannu Korkeala 2 From Farm to Slaughterhouse 5 Sirje Jalakas, Terje Elias and Mati Roasto 2.1 Scope 5 2.2 Animal health and welfare 5 2.3 Transport 9 2.4 Lairage 14 2.5 Food chain information 14 Summary 16 3 Ante-Mortem Inspection 19 Paivi Lahti and Jani Soini 3.1 Scope 19 3.2 Introduction 19 3.3 Identification of animals 21 3.4 Abnormalities 22 3.5 Cleanliness of animals 25 3.6 Animal welfare 26 4 The Slaughter Process 29 Eero Puolanne and Per Ertbjerg 4.1 Scope 29 4.2 General 29 4.3 Pigs 31 4.4 Cattle, sheep and goats 36 4.5 Poultry 41 4.6 Treatment of slaughter by-products 43 5 Animal Welfare -- Stunning and Bleeding 47 Michael Bucher and Peter Scheibl 5.1 Scope 47 5.2 Introduction 47 5.3 Pig 49 5.4 Cattle, sheep and goats 61 5.5 Poultry 67 5.6 Conclusions 70 6 Post-Mortem Inspection and Related Anatomy 73 Paolo Berardinelli, Rosanna Ianniciello, Valentina Russo and Thimjos Ninios 6.1 Scope 73 6.2 Introduction 73 6.3 Anatomy of the head 74 6.4 Anatomy of viscera 84 6.5 Anatomy of carcass 122 6.6 Anatomy of poultry 145 6.7 Post-mortem inspection 153 7 Risk-Based Meat Inspection 157 Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa 7.1 Scope 157 7.2 Introduction 157 7.3 Risk-based meat inspection 158 7.4 Visual-only post-mortem meat inspection 159 7.5 Food chain information (FCI) 160 7.6 Monitoring of diseases by serology in the slaughterhouse 160 7.7 Conclusions 160 8 Meat Inspection Lesions 163 Jere Linden, Leena Pohjola, Laila Rossow and Daniele Tognetti 8.1 Scope 163 8.2 Introduction 163 8.3 Bovines 164 8.4 Domestic swine 173 8.5 Small ruminants 184 8.6 Poultry 188 9 Sampling and Laboratory Tests 199 Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios 9.1 Scope 199 9.2 Introduction 199 9.3 Collecting and packaging samples 200 9.4 Boiling test 201 9.5 Measurement of pH 202 9.6 Bacteriological examination of carcasses 203 9.7 Zoonotic agents 204 9.8 Animal diseases 214 9.9 Chemical residues 214 9.10 Process and slaughterhouse environment controls 216 10 Judgment of Meat 219 Thimjos Ninios 10.1 Scope 219 10.2 Meat inspection 219 10.3 Evaluation of the meat 221 10.4 Record keeping in meat inspection 223 11 Classification of Carcasses 225 Rosanna Ianniciello, Paolo Berardinelli, Monica Gramenzi and Alessandra Martelli 11.1 Scope 225 11.2 Classification of beef carcasses 225 11.3 Classification of pig carcasses 234 11.4 Classification of sheep carcasses 239 11.5 Classification of poultry carcasses 245 12 Control, Monitoring and Surveillance of Animal Health and Animal Infectious Diseases at the Slaughterhouse 249 Ivar Vagsholm 12.1 Scope 249 12.2 Background 249 12.3 Evolution of meat inspection 251 12.4 Additional purposes of meat inspection 254 12.5 Some useful concepts 255 12.6 Quantifying the MOSS of meat inspection 262 12.7 Purposes of MOSS at meat inspection 266 12.8 EFSA reviews of meat inspection 271 12.9 Summary and conclusions 275 13 Public Health Hazards 277 A. Biological Hazards 277 Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa 13.1 Scope 277 13.2 Bacteria 277 13.3 Viruses 306 13.4 Parasites 314 13.5 Prions 323 13.6 Antimicrobial resistance in meat-borne bacteria 329 B. Control of Biological Meat-Borne Hazards 334 Sava Buncic 13.7 Scope 334 13.8 Introduction 334 13.9 Hazard identification 335 13.10 Prioritization (ranking) of meat-borne hazards 337 13.11 Carcass meat safety assurance framework 340 C. Chemical Hazards and their Control 354 Marcello Trevisani, Giuseppe Diegoli and Giorgio Fedrizzi 13.12 Scope 354 13.13 Introduction 354 13.14 Residues of veterinary medicine products 357 13.15 Substances having anabolic effects and unauthorized substances 364 13.16 Residues of feed additives 371 13.17 Environmental pollutants 372 13.18 Analytical chemical methods and their validation 382 14 Meat By-Products 385 Miguel Prieto and Maria Luisa Garcia-Lopez 14.1 Scope 385 14.2 Introduction 385 14.3 Advantages of adequate ABP management 387 14.4 Separation of animal by-products, storage and recommendations on best practices and hygiene requirements 388 14.5 Identification, transport and marking 390 14.6 Processing of by-products and methods of treatment and disposing of ABPs 391 14.7 Materials obtained from animal by-products at the slaughterhouse 395 14.8 Conclusions 398 15 The Conversion of Muscle to Meat 399 Frans J.M. Smulders, Peter Hofbauer and Geert H. Geesink 15.1 Scope 399 15.2 Introduction 399 15.3 Muscle structure, composition and function 400 15.4 Post-mortem muscle physiology; rigor mortis and the conversion of muscle to meat 403 15.5 Major sensory characteristics of meat 408 15.6 Concluding remarks 419 Acknowledgements 420 16 Microbial Contamination During Slaughter 423 Claudio Zweifel and Roger Stephan 16.1 Scope 423 16.2 Introduction 423 16.3 Contamination of carcasses 425 16.4 Microbial contamination during slaughter -- pig slaughtering as an example 426 16.5 Microbial examinations of red meat carcasses at the end of slaughter 430 16.6 Conclusions 437 17 Decontamination of Carcasses 439 Claudio Zweifel and Roger Stephan 17.1 Scope 439 17.2 Introduction 439 17.3 Antibacterial decontamination treatments for carcasses 440 17.4 Antibacterial activity of decontamination treatments for carcasses 444 17.5 Conclusions 451 18 Cleaning and Disinfection 453 Gun Wirtanen and Satu Salo 18.1 Scope 453 18.2 Background to cleaning and disinfection 453 18.3 Cleaning in general 454 18.4 Disinfection in general 454 18.5 Main soil types and their removal 455 18.6 Cleaning procedure 456 18.7 Improved cleaning possibilities through hygienic design 469 18.8 Concluding remarks 470 19 Pest Control 473 Mirko Rossi and Francesco Andreucci 19.1 Scope 473 19.2 Introduction 473 19.3 Control plan 473 19.4 Identification of the pest and inspection 474 19.5 Control techniques 475 19.6 Monitoring programme 478 20 Working Hygiene 485 Marjatta Rahkio 20.1 Scope 485 20.2 Introduction 485 20.3 Hygienic slaughtering 486 20.4 Motivation of workers 487 20.5 Hygiene practice at the slaughter line 489 20.6 Conclusions 493 21 Occupational Hazards 495 Karsten Fehlhaber 21.1 Scope 495 21.2 Introduction 495 21.3 Infections 497 21.4 Prevention from infections 507 21.5 Non-infectious occupational hazards and their prevention 508 21.6 Control of occupational hazards 509 22 Traceability 511 Kyosti Siponen 22.1 Scope 511 22.2 Traceability of food in the from-field-to-fork chain 511 22.3 Responsibility for safety of foods rests with food business operators 513 22.4 Health and identification mark 516 22.5 Unauthorized foods and foods posing a risk to food safety 516 22.6 Summary 518 23 Own-Check System 521 A. Structure and Implementation of the Own-Check System 521 Andreas Stolle 23.1 Scope 521 23.2 Development of OCS 522 23.3 Implementation of OCS procedures 524 23.4 Verification of the OCS 532 B. Example of an Own-Check System 534 Thimjos Ninios and Joni Haapanen 23.5 Introduction 534 23.6 Own-check plan 534 23.7 Own-check implementation 537 23.8 Own-check documentation 537 23.9 Division of own check components in SSOPs and SPSs 537 C. HACCP 540 Robert Savage 23.10 History 540 23.11 The HACCP principles 542 23.12 HACCP at the slaughterhouse 547 24 Official Control 553 A. Introduction 553 Janne Lunden B. Organization of Official Control 556 Aivars Berzin. s, Janne Lunden and Hannu Korkeala 24.1 Scope 556 24.2 Structure of official organization 556 24.3 Requirements of the official control organization 557 C. On-Site Risk-Based Control 562 Eeva-Riitta Wirta 24.4 Scope 562 24.5 Introduction 562 24.6 On-site risk-based control and own-check system 563 24.7 Verification of the own-check system 563 24.8 Systematic verification in practice 564 24.9 Practical views to on-site risk-based control in slaughterhouses 565 D. Control Plan 568 Tiina Laikko-Roto 24.10 Scope 568 24.11 Why planning of official food control is important? 568 24.12 Planning food control in a slaughterhouse 568 24.13 Adjusting the control plan when needed 574 E. Approval of Establishments 575 Risto Ruuska 24.14 Scope 575 24.15 Why approve slaughterhouses beforehand? 575 24.16 Approval process 576 24.17 Granting approval 578 24.18 Health mark and identification mark 578 24.19 Listing of establishments 579 24.20 Withdrawal of approval 579 F. Inspection and Sampling 581 Mari Nevas and Janne Lunden 24.21 Scope 581 24.22 Inspection procedures 581 24.23 Challenging task of an inspector 583 24.24 When, what and how to inspect? 584 24.25 Preparing for inspection 584 24.26 Initiating the inspection and interviewing the personnel 585 24.27 Observing the premises and the facilities 586 24.28 Evaluating the surfaces 587 24.29 Observing the hygienic working practices of personnel 588 24.30 Evaluating the adequacy of the sanitation procedures 588 24.31 Inspecting the own-check system 589 24.32 Official veterinarian's exemplary behaviour 590 24.33 Giving feedback on the inspection 590 24.34 Documentation of official control 590 24.35 How to ensure the efficacy of inspections? 592 G. Enforcement 593 Outi Lepisto, Janne Lunden and Karoliina Kettunen 24.36 Scope 593 24.37 Good governance of enforcement measures 593 24.38 Forms and application of enforcement measures in slaughterhouses 598 24.39 To advise or to use enforcement measures? 603 H. Auditing Official Controls 605 Juha Junttila 24.40 Scope 605 24.41 Background 605 24.42 Different types of audits 607 24.43 Why audit official controls? (What is the added value?) 608 24.44 Auditing processes and systems 610 24.45 Key principles 611 24.46 Auditor qualifications 613 24.47 The audit process 614 24.48 Concluding remarks 619 I. Transparency in Official Controls 621 Juha Junttila 24.49 Scope 621 24.50 What is transparency? 621 24.51 Good governance 622 24.52 Objectives of transparency 623 24.53 Who needs transparency? 623 24.54 Benefits of being transparent 623 24.55 Degrees of transparency 624 24.56 Obstacles to transparency 625 24.57 What does this mean for meat inspection? 626 24.58 Concluding remarks 626 J. Food Frauds 628 Niels S.T. Obbink, J.M. Frissen and S.B. Post 24.59 Scope 628 24.60 Definition 628 24.61 Slaughter chain and food fraud 629 24.62 Criminal acts and behaviour 630 24.63 Organization in the Netherlands to combat food crime 635 24.64 Conclusion 637 K. Flexibility and Uniformity of Official Control 639 Veli-Mikko Niemi and Janne Lunden 24.65 Scope 639 24.66 Introduction 639 24.67 Achieving flexibility by legislation 640 25 International Trade 643 Hentriikka Kontio 25.1 Scope 643 25.2 International trade 643 25.3 European Union trade 644 25.4 Exporting procedures 648 26 Scientific Risk Assessment -- Basis for Food Legislation 651 Riitta Maijala 26.1 Scope 651 26.2 Introduction 651 26.3 Risk analysis standards are set by international organizations 653 26.4 Risk analysis is a decision making process 654 26.5 Risk assessment estimates the level of risk 655 26.6 Other parts of risk analysis: risk management and risk communication 661 26.7 Risk assessments of EFSA impact on EU food safety legislation 662 26.8 Concluding remarks 665 27 Use of Meat Inspection Data 667 Hannu Korkeala and Janne Lunden 27.1 Scope 667 27.2 Use of meat inspection data 667 27.3 Requirements of collection and recording of meat inspection data 671 Index 675